{"id":20824,"date":"2024-08-05T12:19:44","date_gmt":"2024-08-05T10:19:44","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/new.thinktopaz.cz\/?p=20824"},"modified":"2025-01-24T12:21:09","modified_gmt":"2025-01-24T11:21:09","slug":"rod-360stupnovy-pristup-ke-zvladani-dezinformaci-idealni-pomocnik-na-ceste-z-bludneho-kruhu-soucasnych-snah","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/thinktopaz.cz\/en\/2024\/08\/05\/rod-360stupnovy-pristup-ke-zvladani-dezinformaci-idealni-pomocnik-na-ceste-z-bludneho-kruhu-soucasnych-snah\/","title":{"rendered":"Rod: 360stup\u0148ov\u00fd p\u0159\u00edstup ke zvl\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed dezinformac\u00ed: ide\u00e1ln\u00ed pomocn\u00edk na cest\u011b z bludn\u00e9ho kruhu sou\u010dasn\u00fdch snah"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><em>N\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed text napsal politolog a expert na strategickou komunikaci Zden\u011bk Rod pro na\u0161i publikaci <\/em><a href=\"http:\/\/&lt;div class=&quot;_3d-flip-book  fb3d-fullscreen-mode full-size&quot; data-id=&quot;&quot;21278&quot;&quot; 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Probl\u00e9mu d\u00e1le p\u0159id\u00e1vaj\u00ed na v\u00e1\u017enosti nov\u00e9 a rafinovan\u011bj\u0161\u00ed strategie dezinform\u00e1tor\u016f a dlouhotrvaj\u00edc\u00ed ne\u010dinnost vl\u00e1dy. V sou\u010dasnosti p\u0159evl\u00e1d\u00e1 p\u0159esv\u011bd\u010den\u00ed, \u017ee mezi nejefektivn\u011bj\u0161\u00edmi p\u0159\u00edstupy, jak zm\u00edrnit dopady dezinformac\u00ed ve spole\u010dnosti, pat\u0159\u00ed v\u010dasn\u00e9 ov\u011b\u0159ov\u00e1n\u00ed fakt\u016f neboli&nbsp;<em>factchecking<\/em>&nbsp;a podpora kritick\u00e9ho my\u0161len\u00ed. Tyto p\u0159\u00edstupy ale nejsou samosp\u00e1sn\u00e9 a disponuj\u00ed \u0159adu limit\u016f. Proto navrhujeme inovativn\u00ed a komplexn\u00ed 360stup\u0148ov\u00fd p\u0159\u00edstup, kter\u00fd reaguje a \u0159e\u0161\u00ed nedostatky v debat\u011b o tom, jak se vypo\u0159\u00e1dat s dezinformace. 360stup\u0148ov\u00fd p\u0159\u00edstup neklade toti\u017e d\u016fraz jen na kritick\u00e9 my\u0161len\u00ed,&nbsp;<em>fact-checking<\/em>&nbsp;a vzd\u011bl\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed, n\u00fdbr\u017e i na behavior\u00e1ln\u00ed&nbsp;<em>nudging<\/em>&nbsp;a strategickou komunikaci. 360stup\u0148ov\u00fd p\u0159\u00edstup p\u0159edstavuje komplexn\u00ed&nbsp; a univerz\u00e1ln\u00ed postup, kter\u00fd lze zav\u00e9st s ur\u010dit\u00fdmi obm\u011bnami nap\u0159\u00ed\u010d st\u00e1ty Evropsk\u00e9 unie.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00e1 slova:<\/strong>&nbsp;dezinformace, strategick\u00e1 komunikace,&nbsp;<em>fact-checking<\/em>, vzd\u011bl\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed, behavior\u00e1ln\u00ed&nbsp;<em>nudging<\/em>, kritick\u00e9 my\u0161len\u00ed, monitoring dezinforma\u010dn\u00ed sc\u00e9ny<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u00davod<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Evropsk\u00e1 unie (EU) i jej\u00ed \u010dlensk\u00e9 st\u00e1ty dlouhodob\u011b ne\u00fasp\u011b\u0161n\u011b z\u00e1pas\u00ed s dopadem dezinformac\u00ed, jejich\u017e c\u00edlem je naru\u0161it st\u00e1tn\u00ed z\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed a demokratick\u00e9 hodnoty, a oslabit tak d\u016fv\u011bru ve\u0159ejnosti ve st\u00e1tn\u00ed politiku, instituce a m\u00e9dia. Situaci zna\u010dn\u011b zhor\u0161ila pandemie covidu-19, nicm\u00e9n\u011b dezinformace zp\u016fsobuj\u00ed probl\u00e9my ji\u017e dlouho. Rozs\u00e1hl\u00e9 dezinforma\u010dn\u00ed kampan\u011b byly vedeny ji\u017e nap\u0159\u00edklad za studen\u00e9 v\u00e1lky, ale i d\u00e1vno p\u0159edt\u00edm. Dezinforma\u010dn\u00ed kampan\u011b v\u011bt\u0161inou postr\u00e1daj\u00ed jakoukoli logickou koherenci. Dezinform\u00e1to\u0159i \u0161\u00ed\u0159\u00ed \u0159adu nesouvisej\u00edc\u00edch dezinforma\u010dn\u00edch narativ\u016f, kter\u00e9 nap\u0159. obhajuj\u00ed brut\u00e1ln\u00ed ruskou agresi na Ukrajin\u011b, akcentuj\u00ed antiunijn\u00ed narativy, typicky jako \u201edikt\u00e1t z Bruselu\u201c, \u010di \u0161\u00ed\u0159\u00ed l\u017ei o tom, \u017ee vl\u00e1da Petra Fialy je \u0159\u00edzena z Washingtonu. Nebezpe\u010d\u00ed vypl\u00fdvaj\u00edc\u00ed z dezinforma\u010dn\u00edch kampan\u00ed v obdob\u00ed voleb jsme mimo jin\u00e9 mohli na vlastn\u00ed o\u010di vid\u011bt v b\u0159eznu 2024 b\u011bhem slovensk\u00fdch prezidentsk\u00fdch voleb, kdy \u010d\u00e1st slovensk\u00fdch voli\u010d\u016f uv\u011b\u0159ila l\u017eiv\u00fdmi informac\u00edm o tom, \u017ee pokud budou volit kandid\u00e1ta Ivana Kor\u010doka, jejich d\u011bti budou povol\u00e1ny do v\u00e1lky na Ukrajin\u011b.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Soci\u00e1ln\u00ed m\u00e9dia a nov\u00e9 technologie v posledn\u00ed dob\u011b zv\u00fd\u0161ily dosah a rychlost \u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed dezinformac\u00ed. D\u00edky nim se dezinformace ve velmi kr\u00e1tk\u00e9m \u010dase mohou dostat k tis\u00edc\u016fm u\u017eivatel\u016f chytr\u00fdch telefon\u016f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Dal\u0161\u00ed probl\u00e9m z oblasti technologi\u00ed, kter\u00fd je v tomto p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b umocn\u011bn\u00fd pokrokem um\u011bl\u00e9 inteligence, p\u0159edstavuj\u00ed takzvan\u00e1&nbsp;<em>deepfake<\/em>&nbsp;videa. V roce 2022 se nap\u0159\u00edklad objevilo&nbsp;<em>deepfake<\/em>&nbsp;video, ve kter\u00e9m ukrajinsk\u00fd prezident Volodymyr Zelenskyj vyz\u00fdv\u00e1 ke kapitulaci. Video z\u0159ejm\u011b roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159ilo Rusko v r\u00e1mci sv\u00e9ho hybridn\u00edho p\u016fsoben\u00ed. B\u011bhem \u010desk\u00fdch prezidentsk\u00fdch voleb se naopak \u0161\u00ed\u0159ilo&nbsp;<em>deepfake<\/em>&nbsp;video s Petrem Pavlem, kter\u00fd v n\u011bm vyz\u00fdval vstoupit do v\u00e1lky s Ruskem.&nbsp;<em>Deepfake<\/em>&nbsp;videa jsou zat\u00edm relativn\u011b nedokonal\u00e1 a v\u011bt\u0161inou je pom\u011brn\u011b snadn\u00e9 je rozeznat od t\u011bch skute\u010dn\u00fdch, ale to u\u017e za n\u011bkolik let nemus\u00ed platit.&nbsp; Dezinformace by tak mohly ovliv\u0148ovat spole\u010dnost a jej\u00ed procesy takov\u00fdm zp\u016fsobem, \u017ee by byla naru\u0161ena jej\u00ed vnit\u0159n\u00ed soudr\u017enost, co\u017e by mohlo v\u00e9st i k jej\u00edmu kolapsu. Kdy\u017e vezmeme v potaz v\u0161echna rizika zm\u00edn\u011bn\u00fdch dezinforma\u010dn\u00edch strategi\u00ed, evropsk\u00e9 vl\u00e1dy se v boji proti dezinformac\u00edm nemohou spol\u00e9hat pouze na jeden \u010di dva zp\u016fsoby, proto\u017ee ka\u017ed\u00e9 mo\u017en\u00e9 \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed s sebou nese i ur\u010dit\u00e9 slabiny. Nap\u0159\u00edklad ov\u011b\u0159ov\u00e1n\u00ed fakt\u016f je nezbytn\u00e9, ale nen\u00ed v\u017edy efektivn\u00ed. Jak zmi\u0148uji n\u00ed\u017ee, ov\u011b\u0159ov\u00e1n\u00ed fakt\u016f a racion\u00e1ln\u00ed vysv\u011btlov\u00e1n\u00ed dezinforma\u010dn\u00edch narativ\u016f funguje pouze n\u011bkdy, nebo\u0165 lid\u00e9 ve sv\u00e9 podstat\u011b racion\u00e1ln\u00ed nejsou (Rod 2022).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Vzhledem k tomu, jak komplexn\u00ed problematika dezinformac\u00ed je, st\u00e1ty se nemohou spolehnout jen n\u011bkolik m\u00e1lo p\u0159\u00edstup\u016f, jak dezinformace \u0159e\u0161it. Tato kapitola tud\u00ed\u017e zd\u016fraz\u0148uje, \u017ee pro boj s dezinformacemi pot\u0159ebujeme inovativn\u00ed 360stup\u0148ov\u00fd p\u0159\u00edstup, kter\u00fd reflektuje my\u0161lenky z nejnov\u011bj\u0161\u00ed knihy o dezinformac\u00edch a strategick\u00e9 komunikaci na \u010desk\u00e9m kni\u017en\u00edm trhu s n\u00e1zvem Pro\u010d v\u011b\u0159\u00edme dezinformac\u00edm? Strategick\u00e1 komunikace jako mo\u017en\u00e1 cesta z bludn\u00e9ho kruhu (Kolomazn\u00edk, Rod a Sarva\u0161 2024). 360stup\u0148ov\u00fd p\u0159\u00edstup (viz Obr. 1) kombinuje tradi\u010dn\u00ed a nov\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edstupy, kter\u00e9 je mo\u017en\u00e9 vyu\u017e\u00edt v oblasti zvl\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed<a href=\"https:\/\/top-az.eu\/rod-360stupnovy-pristup-ke-zvladani-dezinformaci-idealni-pomocnik-na-ceste-z-bludneho-kruhu-soucasnych-snah\/#_ftn1\"><sup>[1]<\/sup><\/a>&nbsp;dezinformac\u00ed, a to jak v kr\u00e1tkodob\u00e9m, tak i dlouhodob\u00e9m horizontu. 360stup\u0148ov\u00fd model se zam\u011b\u0159uje na vzd\u011bl\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed, kritick\u00e9 my\u0161len\u00ed,&nbsp;<em>fact-checking<\/em>, behavior\u00e1ln\u00ed nudging a n\u00e1stroje pro detekci&nbsp;<em>deepfake<\/em>&nbsp;vide\u00ed. Poukazuje tak\u00e9 na strategickou komunikaci, kter\u00e1 c\u00edl\u00ed na konkr\u00e9tn\u00ed publikum a soust\u0159ed\u00ed se na skupiny, kter\u00e9 jsou n\u00e1chyln\u011bj\u0161\u00ed ke zm\u011bn\u011b n\u00e1zor\u016f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Pokud vstupujeme do necht\u011bn\u00e9 budoucnosti su\u017eovan\u00e9 dezinformacemi, mus\u00edme se povzn\u00e9st nad tradi\u010dn\u00ed p\u0159\u00edstupy \u0159e\u0161\u00edc\u00ed dezinformace (Rod 2021; Kolomazn\u00edk, Rod a Sarva\u0161 2024). Je \u017e\u00e1douc\u00ed se toti\u017e komplexn\u011b p\u0159ipravit. Kdo je p\u0159ipraven, nen\u00ed p\u0159ekvapen. Na n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00edch str\u00e1nk\u00e1ch jsou jednotliv\u00e9 prvky 360stup\u0148ov\u00e9ho p\u0159\u00edstupu podrobn\u011b pops\u00e1ny.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Obr. 1.: 360stup\u0148ov\u00fd p\u0159\u00edstup ke zvl\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed dezinformac\u00ed<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"669\" height=\"639\" src=\"https:\/\/new.thinktopaz.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Snimek-obrazovky-2024-08-05-114007.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-20826\" srcset=\"https:\/\/thinktopaz.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Snimek-obrazovky-2024-08-05-114007.png 669w, https:\/\/thinktopaz.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Snimek-obrazovky-2024-08-05-114007-300x287.png 300w, https:\/\/thinktopaz.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Snimek-obrazovky-2024-08-05-114007-13x12.png 13w, https:\/\/thinktopaz.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Snimek-obrazovky-2024-08-05-114007-600x573.png 600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 669px) 100vw, 669px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Zdroj: Autor<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Fact-checking<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Jednou ze z\u00e1kladn\u00edch metod, kter\u00fdmi se identifikuj\u00ed dezinformace, je&nbsp;<em>fact-checking<\/em>. Bateman a Jackson (2024) z americk\u00e9 expertn\u00ed skupiny p\u0159i Carnegie Endowment for International Peace ukazuj\u00ed, \u017ee tato strategie m\u016f\u017ee \u00fa\u010dinn\u011b uv\u00e9st na pravou m\u00edru fale\u0161n\u00e1 tvrzen\u00ed.&nbsp;<em>Fact-checking<\/em>&nbsp;je zkr\u00e1tka proces, kter\u00fd ov\u011b\u0159uje spr\u00e1vnost ve\u0161ker\u00fdch fakt\u016f v konkr\u00e9tn\u00edm textu, novinov\u00e9m \u010dl\u00e1nku, projevu atd. (Cambridge Dictionary 2024).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Fakta ov\u011b\u0159uj\u00ed p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm profesion\u00e1ln\u00ed novin\u00e1\u0159i a analytici, jejich\u017e c\u00edlem je sv\u00fdm \u010dten\u00e1\u0159\u016fm p\u0159edat v\u011bcn\u011b spr\u00e1vn\u00e9 informace tak, \u017ee z\u00e1rove\u0148 vysv\u011btl\u00ed podstatu dan\u00e9 z\u00e1le\u017eitosti. Novin\u00e1\u0159i pak t\u00edmto p\u0159\u00edstupem mohou tak\u00e9 vyvracet l\u017eiv\u00e9 narativy, kter\u00e9 mezi ve\u0159ejnost\u00ed vyvstanou, a kultivovat tak spole\u010denskou debatu.&nbsp;<em>Fact-checking<\/em>&nbsp;se ov\u0161em net\u00fdk\u00e1 pouze novin\u00e1\u0159\u016f. V \u010cesku se ov\u011b\u0159ov\u00e1n\u00edm fakt\u016f zab\u00fdvaj\u00ed tak\u00e9 politick\u00e9 strany, nap\u0159\u00edklad vl\u00e1dn\u00ed strana TOP 09. Ta b\u011bhem pandemie covidu19 nab\u00e1dala k ov\u011b\u0159ov\u00e1n\u00ed informac\u00ed, aby se ne\u0161\u00ed\u0159ily tvrzen\u00ed, \u017ee jsou vakc\u00edny nebezpe\u010dn\u00e9 (TOP 09 2020). Vyvracen\u00ed dezinformac\u00ed se d\u00e1le v\u011bnuje zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00ed odd\u011blen\u00ed Ministerstva vnitra \u2013 Centrum proti terorismu a hybridn\u00edm hrozb\u00e1m. Krom\u011b politick\u00fdch stran a st\u00e1tn\u00edch instituc\u00ed se v \u010cesku o vyvracen\u00ed dezinformac\u00ed zasazuj\u00ed tak\u00e9 mnoh\u00e9 expertn\u00ed skupiny, nevl\u00e1dn\u00ed organizace a spole\u010dnosti, kup\u0159\u00edkladu Demagog.cz, Manipul\u00e1to\u0159i.cz, Center for Security Consulting in Prague \u010di Prague Security Studies Institute. Mimo \u010desk\u00e9 prost\u0159ed\u00ed se podle americk\u00e9 v\u00fdzkumn\u00e9 organizace RAND Corporation ov\u011b\u0159ov\u00e1n\u00edm fakt\u016f zab\u00fdvaj\u00ed stovky instituc\u00ed po cel\u00e9m sv\u011bt\u011b. P\u0159\u00edkladem m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt bruselsk\u00e1 organizace EUvsDisinfo, kterou z\u0159izuje expertn\u00ed t\u00fdm unijn\u00ed diplomatick\u00e9 slu\u017eby.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>Fact-checking<\/em>&nbsp;je sice kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00fdm prvkem ke zvl\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed dezinformac\u00ed, nicm\u00e9n\u011b lze u n\u011bj shledat i jist\u00e9 limity. St\u00e1ty by se proto nem\u011bly spol\u00e9hat jen na&nbsp;<em>fact-checking<\/em>. Vysv\u011btlov\u00e1n\u00ed dezinformac\u00ed je zpravidla \u010dasov\u011b n\u00e1ro\u010dnou discipl\u00ednou. Analytici mus\u00ed v\u0161e vysv\u011btlit a vyvr\u00e1tit opravdu p\u0159esn\u011b, v \u010dem dan\u00e1 dezinformace tkv\u00ed. Takov\u00e9to vysv\u011btlen\u00ed je posl\u00e9ze jen z\u0159\u00eddkakdy kr\u00e1tk\u00e9 a v\u00fdsti\u017en\u00e9. V dne\u0161n\u00ed dob\u011b v\u0161ak lid\u00e9 t\u00edhnou sp\u00ed\u0161e ke kr\u00e1tk\u00fdm audiovizu\u00e1ln\u00edm zpr\u00e1v\u00e1m na soci\u00e1ln\u00edch s\u00edt\u00edch a obs\u00e1hl\u00e9 zpr\u00e1vy t\u00fdkaj\u00edc\u00ed se ov\u011b\u0159ov\u00e1n\u00ed fakt\u016f \u010dte jen m\u00e1lokdo. Se \u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00edm zpr\u00e1v by v\u0161ak mohla pomoci strategick\u00e1 komunikace. V neposledn\u00ed \u0159ad\u011b ov\u011b\u0159ov\u00e1n\u00ed fakt\u016f vy\u017eaduje dost \u010dasu, nav\u00edc se v\u0161emi dezinformacemi analytici ani zab\u00fdvat nemohou. Dal\u0161\u00ed \u00faskal\u00ed&nbsp;<em>fact-checking<\/em>&nbsp;tkv\u00ed v tom, \u017ee p\u0159edpokl\u00e1d\u00e1 racionalitu jedinc\u016f. Lidsk\u00e9 chov\u00e1n\u00ed toti\u017e nen\u00ed v\u017edy v\u011bdom\u00e9 a racion\u00e1ln\u00ed. V\u011bt\u0161ina na\u0161ich rozhodnut\u00ed je podv\u011bdom\u00e1; n\u011bkter\u00e1 se v\u0161ak mohou tv\u00e1\u0159it jako neefektivn\u00ed a mohla by b\u00fdt t\u00edm p\u00e1dem pova\u017eov\u00e1na za iracion\u00e1ln\u00ed. Jin\u00fdmi slovy se zde bav\u00edme o schopnosti vyu\u017e\u00edvat podv\u011bdom\u00e9 rozhodovac\u00ed procesy, kter\u00e9 nemus\u00ed b\u00fdt nutn\u011b iracion\u00e1ln\u00ed, ale v n\u011bkter\u00fdch p\u0159\u00edpadech nevedou k optim\u00e1ln\u00edm rozhodnut\u00edm.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Behavior\u00e1ln\u00ed v\u011bdci jako nap\u0159\u00edklad Kahneman (2011) dok\u00e1zali, \u017ee se lid\u00e9 velmi \u010dasto spol\u00e9haj\u00ed na podv\u011bdom\u00e9 rozhodovac\u00ed procesy. Lid\u00e9 se v b\u011b\u017en\u00e9m \u017eivot\u011b a p\u0159i \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed b\u011b\u017en\u00fdch situac\u00ed nerozhoduj\u00ed racion\u00e1ln\u011b, ale podv\u011bdom\u011b na z\u00e1klad\u011b p\u0159edem definovan\u00fdch vzorc\u016f chov\u00e1n\u00ed. V\u011bcn\u00e1 argumentace se op\u00edr\u00e1 o tzv. heuristick\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edstupy, kter\u00e9 pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1me, kdy\u017e se n\u00e1m probl\u00e9my zdaj\u00ed zn\u00e1m\u00e9, a tud\u00ed\u017e u\u017e nevyhled\u00e1v\u00e1me dal\u0161\u00ed informace. V b\u011b\u017en\u00e9m \u017eivot\u011b se rozhodujeme na z\u00e1klad\u011b tzv. kognitivn\u00ed p\u0159edpojatosti. Ta vede k optim\u00e1ln\u00edm a velmi efektivn\u00edm rozhodnut\u00edm. Dezinformace ale vyu\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed kognitivn\u00ed p\u0159edpojatost. D\u00edky t\u011bmto \u201ement\u00e1ln\u00edm zkratk\u00e1m\u201c, kter\u00e9 obvykle poru\u0161uj\u00ed pravidla logiky, jsme snadno manipulovateln\u00ed. Pokud tedy v\u011bcn\u00e1 argumentace nen\u00ed dostate\u010dn\u011b ukotvena v kognitivn\u00ed p\u0159edpojatosti, m\u016f\u017ee m\u00edt omezen\u00fd dopad (Kolomazn\u00edk, Rod a Sarva\u0161 2024).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Dal\u0161\u00ed studie pouk\u00e1zaly na to, \u017ee&nbsp;<em>fact-checking<\/em>&nbsp;m\u00e1 omezen\u00fd dopad. Lid\u00e9 mohou vysv\u011btlen\u00e9 dezinformace zavrhnout, proto\u017ee nejsou v souladu s jejich hlubok\u00fdm p\u0159esv\u011bd\u010den\u00edm. T\u00edmto odm\u00edtnut\u00edm si pak nad\u00e1le upev\u0148uj\u00ed v\u00fd\u0161e zm\u00edn\u011bnou kognitivn\u00ed p\u0159edpojatost (Nyhan a kol. 2019; Thorson 2015). Lid\u00e9 tak\u00e9 ob\u010das strhne davov\u00e1 mentalita, kdy nev\u011bdom\u011b p\u0159ej\u00edmaj\u00ed my\u0161lenky druh\u00fdch, zejm\u00e9na politik\u016f, influencer\u016f \u010di celebrit. Co zp\u016fsobilo tento trend? M\u016f\u017eeme s nads\u00e1zkou \u0159\u00edci, \u017ee v informa\u010dn\u00ed spole\u010dnosti tak trochu zpohodln\u011bli a kladou st\u00e1le v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed d\u016fraz na v\u00fdb\u011br t\u011bch n\u00e1zor\u016f a fakt\u016f, kter\u00e9 potvrzuj\u00ed ji\u017e existuj\u00edc\u00ed p\u0159esv\u011bd\u010den\u00ed o spr\u00e1vnosti jejich \u00fasudku. \u0158\u00edk\u00e1me tomu sebepotvrzen\u00ed (Rod 2022; Kolomazn\u00edk, Rod a Sarva\u0161 2024).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Kritick\u00e9 my\u0161len\u00ed<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Dal\u0161\u00edm podstatn\u00fdm aspektem boje proti dezinformac\u00edm je kritick\u00e9 my\u0161len\u00ed. Babii (2020) definuje kritick\u00e9 my\u0161len\u00ed jako p\u0159em\u00fd\u0161len\u00ed nad informacemi, se kter\u00fdmi \u010dlov\u011bk denn\u011b p\u0159ich\u00e1z\u00ed do styku. Ov\u011b\u0159uje si, zda jsou pravdiv\u00e9, vyhodnocuje argumenty a vyh\u00fdb\u00e1 se zav\u00e1d\u011bj\u00edc\u00edm sd\u011blen\u00edm. Zapojuje tud\u00ed\u017e racion\u00e1ln\u00ed my\u0161len\u00ed, dosazuje si d\u016fkazy a vyhled\u00e1v\u00e1 dopl\u0148uj\u00edc\u00ed zdroje. Pro kritick\u00e9 my\u0161len\u00ed je tak\u00e9 nezbytn\u00e1 sebereflexe, p\u0159i kter\u00e9 lid\u00e9 vyhodnot\u00ed sv\u00e9 my\u0161lenky, uznaj\u00ed chyby a projev\u00ed v\u016fli, aby je napravili. Je\u0161t\u011b jednou je v\u0161ak t\u0159eba zd\u016fraznit, \u017ee p\u0159edpokladem tohoto p\u0159\u00edstupu je racion\u00e1ln\u00ed my\u0161len\u00ed, kter\u00e9 vy\u017eaduje Kahneman\u016fv my\u0161lenkov\u00fd Syst\u00e9m 2.<a href=\"https:\/\/top-az.eu\/rod-360stupnovy-pristup-ke-zvladani-dezinformaci-idealni-pomocnik-na-ceste-z-bludneho-kruhu-soucasnych-snah\/#_ftn2\"><sup>[2]<\/sup><\/a>&nbsp;Zapojuje se tak pouze 5 % kapacity mozku, zat\u00edmco zbyl\u00fdch 95 % ovl\u00e1daj\u00ed emoce a intuice. Tento proces, b\u011bhem kter\u00e9ho se mozek sna\u017e\u00ed vyhodnotit dostupn\u00e9 informace, je nesm\u00edrn\u011b pomal\u00fd a spot\u0159ebuje spoustu energie (Kahneman 2011). Ne v\u0161ichni tedy kriticky p\u0159em\u00fd\u0161let cht\u011bj\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Schopnosti kriticky p\u0159em\u00fd\u0161let je mo\u017en\u00e9 se nau\u010dit b\u011bhem studia. Vzd\u011bl\u00e1vac\u00ed syst\u00e9m by kritick\u00e9 my\u0161len\u00ed proto m\u011bl podporovat a d\u00e1le prohlubovat. V \u010desk\u00fdch z\u00e1kladn\u00edch a st\u0159edn\u00edch \u0161kol\u00e1ch se to bohu\u017eel v\u017edy neda\u0159\u00ed. Studenti se nej\u010dast\u011bji setk\u00e1vaj\u00ed s front\u00e1ln\u00ed v\u00fdukou a memorov\u00e1n\u00edm, tak\u017ee ve \u0161koln\u00edm prost\u0159ed\u00ed tr\u00e9nuj\u00ed argumentaci \u010di my\u0161len\u00ed v souvislostech jen z\u0159\u00eddka. Inspirac\u00ed pro \u010cesko i dal\u0161\u00ed \u010dleny EU by pak v tomto sm\u011bru mohly b\u00fdt seversk\u00e9 st\u00e1ty, zejm\u00e9na \u0160v\u00e9dsko a Finsko. Kritick\u00e9mu my\u0161len\u00ed v\u0161ak br\u00e1n\u00ed dal\u0161\u00ed men\u0161\u00ed p\u0159ek\u00e1\u017eka. \u0160koln\u00ed vyu\u010dov\u00e1n\u00ed se ji\u017e net\u00fdk\u00e1 dosp\u011bl\u00fdch a u\u010ditel\u00e9 se v kritick\u00e9m my\u0161len\u00ed nemohou na denn\u00ed b\u00e1zi zlep\u0161ovat. Dosp\u011bl\u00fdm nav\u00edc v\u0161e komplikuje nedostatek \u010dasu \u2013 mus\u00ed pracovat, starat se o d\u011bti, o dom\u00e1cnost atd. Na dal\u0161\u00ed vzd\u011bl\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed jim tedy p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 mnoho \u010dasu nezb\u00fdv\u00e1. St\u00e1tn\u00ed instituce \u010di nevl\u00e1dn\u00ed organizace by mohly v\u00e9st kampan\u011b, kter\u00e9 by dosp\u011bl\u00fdm zv\u00fd\u0161ily pov\u011bdom\u00ed o kritick\u00e9m my\u0161len\u00ed. Vzhledem k tomu, \u017ee by bylo slo\u017eit\u00e9 kritick\u00e9 my\u0161len\u00ed jednodu\u0161e vysv\u011btlit, jsou ov\u0161em v\u00fdsledky nejist\u00e9. V neposledn\u00ed \u0159ad\u011b kritick\u00e9 my\u0161len\u00ed vy\u017eaduje hlubok\u00e9 soust\u0159ed\u011bn\u00ed, kter\u00e9ho je ve v\u00edru neust\u00e1l\u00e9ho rozpt\u00fdlen\u00ed ze soci\u00e1ln\u00edch s\u00edt\u00ed t\u011b\u017ek\u00e9 dos\u00e1hnout. Stejn\u011b jako v p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b ov\u011b\u0159ov\u00e1n\u00ed fakt\u016f je tedy kritick\u00e9 my\u0161len\u00ed podporovan\u00e9 vzd\u011bl\u00e1n\u00edm pouze d\u00edl\u010d\u00edm a dlouhodob\u00fdm \u0159e\u0161en\u00edm.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Strategick\u00e1 komunikace<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Dal\u0161\u00edm podp\u016frn\u00fdm n\u00e1strojem, kter\u00fd vl\u00e1d\u00e1m a st\u00e1tn\u00edm instituc\u00edm m\u016f\u017ee v pot\u00edr\u00e1n\u00ed dezinformac\u00ed pomoci, je strategick\u00e1 komunikace. Ta m\u016f\u017ee lidem usnadnit orientaci ve slo\u017eit\u00e9 zm\u011bti informa\u010dn\u00edch platforem. V minulosti lid\u00e9 informace \u010derpali zpravidla z n\u011bkolika m\u00e1lo zdroj\u016f. Dnes jsme v\u0161ak informacemi p\u0159ehlceni, zvl\u00e1\u0161t\u011b proto, \u017ee k nim p\u0159ich\u00e1z\u00edme na internetu a soci\u00e1ln\u00edch s\u00edt\u00edch. Je tud\u00ed\u017e nezbytn\u00e9, aby byla sd\u011blen\u00ed stru\u010dn\u00e1 a dostala se k c\u00edlov\u00e9mu publiku. To se pak logicky poj\u00ed s pou\u017eit\u00edm adekv\u00e1tn\u00edch komunika\u010dn\u00edch kan\u00e1l\u016f, kter\u00e9 zpr\u00e1vu s nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed pravd\u011bpodobnost\u00ed doru\u010d\u00ed ur\u010den\u00fdm p\u0159\u00edjemc\u016fm (Kolomazn\u00edk, Rod a Sarva\u0161 2024).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Karel \u0158ehka, n\u00e1\u010deln\u00edk Gener\u00e1ln\u00edho \u0161t\u00e1bu Arm\u00e1dy \u010cesk\u00e9 republiky (2017), definuje strategickou komunikaci jako komplexn\u00ed komunika\u010dn\u00ed proces, kter\u00fd m\u00e1 v mysli c\u00edlov\u00e9 skupiny zas\u00edt ur\u010ditou informaci, p\u0159i\u010dem\u017e v\u0161echny zve\u0159ejn\u011bn\u00e9 informace mus\u00ed b\u00fdt koherentn\u00ed a nesm\u00ed si odporovat. Takov\u00e1to komunikace n\u00e1sledn\u011b m\u016f\u017ee zm\u011bnit lidsk\u00e9 chov\u00e1n\u00ed, co\u017e je tak\u00e9 jej\u00edm c\u00edlem. Pro strategickou komunikaci je d\u00e1le z\u00e1sadn\u00ed vyu\u017eit\u00ed zp\u011btn\u00e9 vazby, podle kter\u00e9 je vyhodnocena efektivita dan\u00e9 kampan\u011b (Kolomazn\u00edk, Rod a Sarva\u0161 2024).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Strategick\u00e1 komunikace je v boji proti dezinformac\u00edm opravdu cenn\u00fdm n\u00e1strojem. P\u0159edstavme si situaci, kdy by se nap\u0159\u00edklad na soci\u00e1ln\u00edch s\u00edt\u00edch roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159ily dezinformace, kter\u00e9 by z\u00e1va\u017en\u011b ohro\u017eovaly z\u00e1jmy a pov\u011bst st\u00e1tu. Takov\u00e1 zpr\u00e1va by se v r\u00e1mci n\u011bkolika minut dostala k tis\u00edc\u016fm lid\u00ed. St\u00e1t tedy mus\u00ed m\u00edt p\u0159ipraven\u00fd efektivn\u00ed model strategick\u00e9 komunikace (znalost n\u00e1le\u017eit\u00fdch komunika\u010dn\u00edch kan\u00e1l\u016f, pov\u011bdom\u00ed o jejich publiku a informovan\u00e9 v\u011bdomosti o tom, jakou zpr\u00e1vu je t\u0159eba sd\u011blit), prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm kter\u00e9ho by nebezpe\u010dn\u00fd dezinforma\u010dn\u00ed narativ \u00fa\u010dinn\u011b vyvr\u00e1til. Strategick\u00e1 komunikace nav\u00edc ur\u010duje t\u00e9mata, prim\u00e1rn\u011b je proaktivn\u00ed a ne reaktivn\u00ed (Kolomazn\u00edk, Rod a Sarva\u0161 2024). Z\u00e1sadn\u00ed ot\u00e1zkou z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1, jak takov\u00e9 komunikace dos\u00e1hnout. Na za\u010d\u00e1tku cel\u00e9ho pl\u00e1novac\u00edho procesu je stanoven dlouhodob\u00fd, av\u0161ak dosa\u017eiteln\u00fd c\u00edl a je posouzen sou\u010dasn\u00fd stav, v\u010detn\u011b vnit\u0159n\u00edho a vn\u011bj\u0161\u00edho prost\u0159ed\u00ed. Anal\u00fdza prost\u0159ed\u00ed zahrnuje vyhodnocen\u00ed dostupn\u00fdch informac\u00ed, c\u00edlov\u00fdch skupin, komunika\u010dn\u00edch prost\u0159ed\u00ed, rozpo\u010dtu a relevantn\u00edch t\u00e9mat. V dal\u0161\u00edch kroc\u00edch je definov\u00e1na komunika\u010dn\u00ed strategie, jednotliv\u00e9 taktiky jsou p\u0159izp\u016fsobeny c\u00edlov\u00e9mu publiku a jsou ur\u010deny efektivn\u00ed kan\u00e1ly komunikace.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Cel\u00fd tento proces vymezuje komunika\u010dn\u00ed matice. Ta, vzhledem k tomu, \u017ee tat\u00e1\u017e zpr\u00e1va m\u016f\u017ee m\u00edt v r\u016fzn\u00fdch kontextech zcela odli\u0161n\u00fd dopad, zaji\u0161\u0165uje efektivitu cel\u00e9ho procesu. V po\u010d\u00e1te\u010dn\u00ed f\u00e1zi implementace je zapot\u0159eb\u00ed komunikaci otestovat, optimalizovat form\u00e1ty pro r\u016fzn\u00e1 prost\u0159ed\u00ed a doladit media mix (tj. kombinaci sd\u011blovac\u00edch prost\u0159edk\u016f a kan\u00e1l\u016f) pro odli\u0161n\u00e9 skupiny populace. Po optimalizaci komunikace a media mixu je spu\u0161t\u011bna pln\u00e1 implementace, p\u0159i\u010dem\u017e jsou sledov\u00e1ni kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00ed ukazatel\u00e9, aby do\u0161lo k ov\u011b\u0159en\u00ed, \u017ee projekt p\u0159in\u00e1\u0161\u00ed po\u017eadovan\u00e9 v\u00fdsledky. Ty se neust\u00e1le vyv\u00edjej\u00ed, a proto je t\u0159eba b\u00fdt flexibiln\u00ed a po\u010d\u00edtat s t\u00edm, \u017ee jim bude nezbytn\u00e9 d\u00e1le p\u0159izp\u016fsobovat taktiky a kan\u00e1ly (Kolomazn\u00edk, Rod a Sarva\u0161 2024). Cel\u00fd proces je zn\u00e1zorn\u011bn na Obr. 2.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Obr. 2.: Strategick\u00e1 komunikace v kostce<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"647\" height=\"634\" src=\"https:\/\/new.thinktopaz.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Snimek-obrazovky-2024-08-05-113905-e1722850789455.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-20827\" srcset=\"https:\/\/thinktopaz.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Snimek-obrazovky-2024-08-05-113905-e1722850789455.png 647w, https:\/\/thinktopaz.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Snimek-obrazovky-2024-08-05-113905-e1722850789455-300x294.png 300w, https:\/\/thinktopaz.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Snimek-obrazovky-2024-08-05-113905-e1722850789455-12x12.png 12w, https:\/\/thinktopaz.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Snimek-obrazovky-2024-08-05-113905-e1722850789455-600x588.png 600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 647px) 100vw, 647px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Zdroj: Kolomazn\u00edk, Rod a Sarva\u0161 2024<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>To, jak efektivn\u011b strategick\u00e1 komunikace ovliv\u0148uje chov\u00e1n\u00ed, z\u00e1vis\u00ed na p\u011bti kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00fdch faktorech. Prvn\u00edm z nich je m\u00edra intervence, tedy osloven\u00ed dostate\u010dn\u00e9ho mno\u017estv\u00ed lid\u00ed. Dal\u0161\u00edm aspektem je takzvan\u00e1 frekvence z\u00e1sah\u016f, kter\u00e1 reflektuje nutnost sd\u011blen\u00ed doru\u010dovat \u010dasto a \u00fasp\u011b\u0161n\u011b. T\u0159et\u00ed faktor se t\u00fdk\u00e1 kvality \u2013 sd\u011blen\u00ed mus\u00ed m\u00edt relevantn\u00ed obsah, kter\u00fd zaujme pozornost. D\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 je tak\u00e9 to, p\u0159ed jakou dobou intervence prob\u011bhla. Posledn\u00edm faktorem jsou data, kter\u00e1 vypov\u00eddaj\u00ed o zm\u011bn\u00e1ch v chov\u00e1n\u00ed a rozli\u0161uj\u00ed, zda jde o pouh\u00e1 slova \u010di skute\u010dn\u00e9 posuny. Abychom dos\u00e1hli rychl\u00e9ho a \u00fa\u010dinn\u00e9ho v\u00fdsledku, mus\u00edme dos\u00e1hnout takzvan\u00e9ho \u201esonick\u00e9ho efektu\u201c. Aby se to poda\u0159ilo, mus\u00edme rychle a \u010dasto oslovovat podstatnou \u010d\u00e1st c\u00edlov\u00e9ho publika, co\u017e vytv\u00e1\u0159\u00ed bod zlomu, kdy se zpr\u00e1va za\u010dne \u0161\u00ed\u0159it exponenci\u00e1ln\u011b. Tento strategick\u00fd p\u0159\u00edstup zn\u00e1m\u00fd jako \u201ezaplaven\u00ed medi\u00e1ln\u00edho prostoru\u201c pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed dezinform\u00e1to\u0159i, ale v\u00fdhodn\u00fd m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt tak\u00e9 v legitimn\u00ed strategick\u00e9 komunikaci (Kolomazn\u00edk, Rod a Sarva\u0161 2024). \u010cesko na syst\u00e9m strategick\u00e9 komunikace teprve \u010dek\u00e1. Cenn\u00fdm zdrojem inspirace pro n\u011bj mohou b\u00fdt n\u011bkter\u00e9 evropsk\u00e9 zem\u011b, nap\u0159\u00edklad Spojen\u00e9 kr\u00e1lovstv\u00ed. Britsk\u00e1 vl\u00e1da vyvinula komplexn\u00ed syst\u00e9m strategick\u00e9 komunikace a s ve\u0159ejnost\u00ed komunikuje p\u0159es vl\u00e1dn\u00ed komunika\u010dn\u00ed slu\u017ebu s p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 7 000 zam\u011bstnanci. Spojen\u00e9 kr\u00e1lovstv\u00ed je d\u016fkazem toho, \u017ee efektivn\u00ed strategick\u00e1 komunikace je n\u00e1ro\u010dn\u00e1 na lidsk\u00e9 i finan\u010dn\u00ed zdroje (Kolomazn\u00edk, Rod a Sarva\u0161 2024).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Behavior\u00e1ln\u00ed&nbsp;<em>nudging<\/em><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Se strategickou komunikac\u00ed se v boji proti dezinformac\u00edm poj\u00ed dal\u0161\u00ed modern\u00ed p\u0159\u00edstup, a to behavior\u00e1ln\u00ed&nbsp;<em>nudging<\/em>, \u010dili \u201epo\u0161\u0165ouchnut\u00ed\u201c \u010di \u201epostr\u010den\u00ed\u201c k ur\u010dit\u00e9mu chov\u00e1n\u00ed. Vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 se zejm\u00e9na na britsk\u00fdch ostrovech prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm expertn\u00ed organizace Behavioural Insights Team (takzvan\u00e9&nbsp;<em>nudge units<\/em>). Behavior\u00e1ln\u00ed p\u0159\u00edstup kombinuje zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed p\u0159irozen\u00e9ho jazyka, n\u00e1stroje pro naslouch\u00e1n\u00ed na soci\u00e1ln\u00edch s\u00edt\u00edch, behavior\u00e1ln\u00ed v\u011bdy a neurov\u011bdu (Rod 2022). Tato jedine\u010dn\u00e1 kombinace m\u016f\u017ee pomoci p\u0159i tvorb\u011b preventivn\u00edch i reak\u010dn\u00edch strategi\u00ed a mechanism\u016f, je\u017e by omezovaly potenci\u00e1l r\u016fzn\u00fdch typ\u016f dezinformac\u00ed v p\u0159\u00edslu\u0161n\u00e9m kontextu mimo sd\u011blovac\u00ed prost\u0159edky.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Behavior\u00e1ln\u00ed p\u0159\u00edstup je reakc\u00ed na dezinforma\u010dn\u00ed kampan\u011b, jejich\u017e tv\u016frci um\u00ed pracovat s podv\u011bdom\u00edm a p\u0159edv\u00eddatelnost\u00ed lidsk\u00e9ho chov\u00e1n\u00ed. Vytv\u00e1\u0159ej\u00ed jednoduch\u00e9, ale d\u016fmysln\u00e9, na emoc\u00edch zalo\u017een\u00e9 mechanismy, kter\u00e9 podn\u011bcuj\u00ed d\u016fv\u011bryhodnost i rychl\u00e9 \u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed dezinformac\u00ed (tj. konspira\u010dn\u00edch teori\u00ed a hoax\u016f), a dovedou tak zm\u011bnit lidsk\u00e1 rozhodnut\u00ed a chov\u00e1n\u00ed. Abychom p\u0159e\u0161li k \u00fa\u010dinn\u00e9mu behavior\u00e1ln\u00edmu nudgingu, je pot\u0159eba \u010derpat z lidsk\u00fdch emo\u010dn\u00edch a podv\u011bdom\u00fdch rys\u016f, a vyu\u017e\u00edt t\u00edm jejich p\u0159edv\u00eddatelnosti a iracionality.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Behavior\u00e1ln\u00ed v\u011bdy lze tak\u00e9 propojit s modern\u00edmi technologiemi, kter\u00e9 um\u00ed identifikovat zdroje dezinformac\u00ed a n\u00e1sledn\u011b by mohly \u201epostr\u010dit\u201c k boji proti obsahu hoax\u016f vytvo\u0159en\u00fdch v r\u00e1mci \u201ehybridn\u00ed v\u00e1lky\u201c. Toto v\u0161echno se v\u00e1\u017ee k relevantn\u00edm kontext\u016fm\/sty\u010dn\u00fdm bod\u016fm. Lze proto tvrdit, \u017ee behavior\u00e1ln\u00ed v\u011bdy maj\u00ed potenci\u00e1l prosazovat pravdu, a p\u0159ekonat tak Bourdieuho tvrzen\u00ed, \u017ee: \u201eExistuje-li n\u011bjak\u00e1 pravda, pak ta, \u017ee se o pravdu bojuje\u201c (cit. v Rod 2022). Tento p\u0159\u00edstup se zakl\u00e1d\u00e1 na d\u016fkazech \u2013 zahrnuje&nbsp;<em>factchecking<\/em>&nbsp;a kritick\u00e9 my\u0161len\u00ed. Fakta ov\u0161em prezentuje jednodu\u0161e a zd\u016fraz\u0148uje emoce. Mozek je tud\u00ed\u017e zpracuje Kahnemanov\u00fdm Syst\u00e9mem 1. Tv\u016frci dezinformac\u00ed dovedou pln\u011b vyu\u017e\u00edt lidsk\u00e9 kognitivn\u00ed p\u0159edpojatosti. Abychom se s t\u00edm vypo\u0159\u00e1dali, m\u016f\u017eeme pou\u017e\u00edt komplexn\u00ed 360stup\u0148ov\u00fd p\u0159\u00edstup.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Odli\u0161nosti mezi tradi\u010dn\u00edmi (vysv\u011btluj\u00edc\u00edmi) p\u0159\u00edstupy a behavior\u00e1ln\u00edm p\u0159\u00edstupem lze ilustrovat na p\u0159\u00edpadu o\u010dkovac\u00ed kampan\u011b b\u011bhem pandemie covid-19. Tradi\u010dn\u00ed p\u0159\u00edstupy p\u0159edkl\u00e1daly nutnost o\u010dkov\u00e1n\u00ed zpravidla n\u00e1sledovn\u011b: \u201eO\u010dkov\u00e1n\u00ed proti covidu-19 sni\u017euje riziko infekce virem a riziko dal\u0161\u00edho p\u0159enosu. O\u010dkov\u00e1n\u00ed tak\u00e9 zm\u00edr\u0148uje riziko v\u00e1\u017en\u00e9ho pr\u016fb\u011bhu nemoci a \u00famrt\u00ed. Bylo d\u016fkladn\u011b prov\u011b\u0159eno, \u017ee je o\u010dkov\u00e1n\u00ed bezpe\u010dn\u00e9 a \u00fa\u010dinn\u00e9 pro lidi od p\u011bti let v\u011bku.\u201c Podle behavior\u00e1ln\u00edho p\u0159\u00edstupu by se ov\u0161em tyt\u00e9\u017e informace formulovaly takto: \u201eT\u00edm, \u017ee se nech\u00e1te o\u010dkovat, ochr\u00e1n\u00edte nejen sebe, ale tak\u00e9 sv\u00e9 bl\u00edzk\u00e9.\u201c V tomto p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b je samoz\u0159ejm\u011b p\u0159i tvorb\u011b slogan\u016f nezbytn\u00e9 postupovat velice opatrn\u011b. Nap\u0159\u00edklad sd\u011blen\u00ed: \u201ePokud se nenech\u00e1te o\u010dkovat, m\u016f\u017eete zem\u0159\u00edt,\u201c by mohlo vzbudit negativn\u00ed odezvu a ignoraci.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Ignorace p\u0159edstavuje takzvan\u00fd \u201ep\u0161tros\u00ed efekt\u201c. V\u0161ichni zn\u00e1me term\u00edn p\u0161tros\u00ed efekt, jin\u00fdmi slovy zp\u016fsob chov\u00e1n\u00ed, kdy probl\u00e9m ne\u0159e\u0161\u00edme, ale ignorujeme, jako by neexistoval. Schopnost lid\u00ed k sebeklamu a pop\u00edr\u00e1n\u00ed \u201enep\u0159\u00edjemn\u00fdch informac\u00ed\u201c je velmi zna\u010dn\u00e1. Problematick\u00e1 je tak\u00e9 zm\u00edn\u011bn\u00e1 negativn\u00ed odezva, kdy lid\u00e9 nedbaj\u00ed fakt\u016f, kter\u00e9 jsou v rozporu s jejich p\u0159esv\u011bd\u010den\u00edm, a dokonce se je aktivn\u011b sna\u017e\u00ed pop\u0159\u00edt (Kolomazn\u00edk, Rod a Sarva\u0161 2024).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Technologick\u00e9 n\u00e1stroje<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Analytici dezinformac\u00ed z\u00e1pol\u00ed s novou no\u010dn\u00ed m\u016frou v podob\u011b&nbsp;<em>deepfake<\/em>&nbsp;vide\u00ed. Jedn\u00e1 se o technologii na b\u00e1zi um\u011bl\u00e9 inteligence, kter\u00e1 v z\u00e1sad\u011b shroma\u017e\u010fuje modely lidsk\u00e9ho chov\u00e1n\u00ed a na jejich z\u00e1klad\u011b pak vytvo\u0159\u00ed po\u017eadovan\u00fd model. Tyto modely se zakl\u00e1daj\u00ed na kombinaci fotek a vide\u00ed, kter\u00e9 jsou dostupn\u00e9 online, a napodobuj\u00ed, jak se \u010dlov\u011bk v dan\u00e9m okam\u017eiku c\u00edt\u00ed a chov\u00e1. Um\u011bl\u00e1 inteligence takto dovede v\u011brohodn\u011b imitovat \u010dlov\u011bka, jeho gesta i hlas, a videa tedy p\u016fsob\u00ed jako realita. Za p\u011bt a\u017e deset let ji\u017e mo\u017en\u00e1 nebudeme schopni rozpoznat, zda je nap\u0159\u00edklad z\u00e1znam proslovu ur\u010dit\u00e9ho politika, jak promlouv\u00e1 k ve\u0159ejnosti, skute\u010dn\u00fd, nebo ne. Takov\u00fd pokrok by vy\u00fastil ve stav neust\u00e1l\u00fdch pochybnost\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Technologick\u00fd pokrok, v\u010detn\u011b integrace um\u011bl\u00e9 inteligence, hraje v boji s&nbsp;<em>deepfake<\/em>&nbsp;videi dvoj\u00ed roli \u2013 slou\u017e\u00ed jako katalyz\u00e1tor jejich vzniku, ale p\u0159edstavuje tak\u00e9 potenci\u00e1ln\u00ed \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed probl\u00e9mu. V sou\u010dasnosti prob\u00edh\u00e1 celosv\u011btov\u00fd v\u00fdzkum inovativn\u00edch technologi\u00ed, kter\u00e9 by zmanipulovan\u00e1 multim\u00e9dia dok\u00e1zaly odhalit. V \u010dele v\u00fdzkumu stoj\u00ed p\u0159edn\u00ed technologick\u00e9 spole\u010dnosti, kter\u00e9 pomoc\u00ed um\u011bl\u00e9 inteligence vytv\u00e1\u0159\u00ed n\u00e1stroje jako nap\u0159\u00edklad Fake Catcher, kter\u00fd v roce 2022 vydala firma Intel. Podle spole\u010dnosti tento software dosahuje p\u0159i identifikaci fale\u0161n\u00fdch vide\u00ed na z\u00e1klad\u011b anal\u00fdzy krevn\u00edho ob\u011bhu a\u017e 96 % p\u0159esnosti a zvl\u00e1dne zpracovat a\u017e 72 operac\u00ed najednou. Podle ofici\u00e1ln\u00edho prohl\u00e1\u0161en\u00ed se Fake Catcher na rozd\u00edl od tradi\u010dn\u00edch metod zam\u011b\u0159uje na autentick\u00e9 stopy skute\u010dn\u00fdch vide\u00ed, p\u0159i\u010dem\u017e analyzuje jemn\u00e9 detaily v pixelech videa (Gregory 2023).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Monitoring dezinforma\u010dn\u00ed sc\u00e9ny<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Posledn\u00edm kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00fdm aspektem 360stup\u0148ov\u00e9ho p\u0159\u00edstupu je monitoring. Pokud chceme s dezinformacemi bojovat, mus\u00edme jim rozum\u011bt. Abychom tedy efektivn\u011b vyu\u017eili v\u0161ech v\u00fd\u0161e zm\u00edn\u011bn\u00fdch prvk\u016f 360stup\u0148ov\u00e9ho p\u0159\u00edstupu, je t\u0159eba hledat nov\u00e9 dezinforma\u010dn\u00ed platformy a odhalovat jejich nejnov\u011bj\u0161\u00ed narativy. Zp\u016fsob\u016f, jak dezinformace zpracovat, se nab\u00edz\u00ed hned n\u011bkolik. Lze j\u00edt tradi\u010dn\u00ed cestou manu\u00e1ln\u00ed anal\u00fdzy obsahu, kdy analytici prohled\u00e1vaj\u00ed v\u00edce platforem (Facebook, X, Telegram, webov\u00e9 str\u00e1nky s dezinforma\u010dn\u00edm obsahem atd.) a analyzuj\u00ed nalezen\u00e9 narativy. Analytici ov\u0161em tak\u00e9 mohou vyu\u017e\u00edt pokroku v technice a um\u011bl\u00e9 inteligenci a data ze soci\u00e1ln\u00edch s\u00edt\u00ed extrahovat. N\u00e1stroje k tomu ur\u010den\u00e9, tzv.&nbsp;<em>scraping tools<\/em>, obsah filtruj\u00ed a automaticky detekuj\u00ed potenci\u00e1ln\u00ed dezinformace. Tyto prost\u0159edky pak dovedou analyzovat a\u017e tis\u00edce v\u00fdsledk\u016f za den, co\u017e by sami lid\u00e9 nedok\u00e1zali. P\u0159\u00edkladem firmy, kter\u00e1 poskytuje n\u00e1stroje k anal\u00fdze velk\u00e9ho objemu dat, m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt slovensk\u00e1 spole\u010dnost Gerulata Technologies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Z\u00e1v\u011br<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Rychl\u00fd n\u00e1r\u016fst objemu dezinformac\u00ed si \u017e\u00e1d\u00e1 bezprost\u0159edn\u00ed a inovativn\u00ed reakci. 360stup\u0148ov\u00fd p\u0159\u00edstup, kter\u00fd bere v potaz omezen\u00e9 mo\u017enosti jednotliv\u00fdch strategi\u00ed, p\u0159edstavuje holistickou taktiku, je\u017e zahrnuje ov\u011b\u0159ov\u00e1n\u00ed fakt\u016f, kritick\u00e9 my\u0161len\u00ed, strategickou komunikaci, behavior\u00e1ln\u00ed&nbsp;<em>nudging<\/em>, technologick\u00e9 n\u00e1stroje a neust\u00e1l\u00fd monitoring. Tato komplexn\u00ed strategie, kterou lze adaptovat na kampan\u011b, a to jak v kr\u00e1tkodob\u00e9m, tak i dlouhodob\u00e9m horizontu, je koncipov\u00e1na pro boj s ji\u017e zn\u00e1m\u00fdmi dezinformacemi i v\u00fdzvami, je\u017e p\u0159inese budoucnost. P\u0159\u00edstup klade d\u016fraz na proaktivitu a spletit\u00fdm ter\u00e9nem informa\u010dn\u00ed v\u00e1lky pronik\u00e1 d\u00edky tomu, \u017ee zohled\u0148uje lidskou iracionalitu, kognitivn\u00ed p\u0159edpojatost i rychl\u00e9 \u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed dezinformac\u00ed. Tato kapitola zd\u016fraz\u0148uje, \u017ee proto, abychom proti dezinformac\u00edm bojovali efektivn\u011b, je nezbytn\u00e9 k nim p\u0159istoupit dynamicky a v\u0161estrann\u011b, a d\u00edky inovac\u00edm a p\u0159izp\u016fsobivosti tak p\u0159ekonat tradi\u010dn\u00ed postupy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Doporu\u010den\u00ed<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Vl\u00e1dy by si v z\u00e1jmu efektivn\u00edho boje proti dezinformac\u00edm m\u011bly osvojit komplexn\u00ed 360stup\u0148ov\u00fd p\u0159\u00edstup.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>V obdob\u00edch relativn\u00edho klidu, kdy st\u00e1t nesu\u017euje rozs\u00e1hl\u00fd n\u00e1por dezinformac\u00ed, je vhodn\u00e9 dlouhodob\u011b implementovat v\u0161echny aspekty soub\u011b\u017en\u011b.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>B\u011bhem krize je zcela nezbytn\u00e9 neprodlen\u011b nasadit ji\u017e p\u0159ipraven\u00e9 n\u00e1stroje, kup\u0159\u00edkladu strategickou komunikaci \u010di behavior\u00e1ln\u00ed&nbsp;<em>nudging<\/em>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Pou\u017eit\u00e9 zdroje<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Babii, A. N. 2020.&nbsp;<em>The Use of Critical Thinking Against Fake News.<\/em>&nbsp;Sofia: NORDSCI.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Bateman, J., a D. Jackson. 2024.&nbsp;<em>Countering Disinformation Effectively: An Evidence-Based Policy Guide.<\/em>&nbsp;Washington, D.C.: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Cambridge Dictionary. 2024.&nbsp;<em>Fact-checking<\/em>. Dostupn\u00e9 z: https:\/\/dictionary.cambridge.org\/dictionary\/english\/fact-checking<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Gregory, Jennifer G. 2023.&nbsp;<em>How Data Scientists Fight Deepfakes in Cyberspace<\/em>. 23\/2. Dostupn\u00e9 z: https:\/\/www.nutanix.com\/theforecastbynutanix\/technology\/what-data-scientists-are-doing-to-detect-deepfakes<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Kahneman, D. (2011).&nbsp;<em>Thinking, Fast and Slow<\/em>. New York: Random House.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Kolomazn\u00edk, T., Zden\u011bk Rod a \u0160tefan Sarva\u0161 (2024).&nbsp;<em>Pro\u010d v\u011b\u0159\u00edme dezinformac\u00edm. Strategick\u00e1 komunikace jako mo\u017en\u00e1 cesta z bludn\u00e9ho kruhu<\/em>. Praha: Albatros.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Nyhan, B., a kol. 2019. Taking Fact-Checks Literally but Not Deriously? The Effects of Journalistic Fact-Checking on Factual Beliefs and Candidate Favorability.&nbsp;<em>Political Behaviour<\/em>&nbsp;42: 939\u2013960.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Ramalingam, S. 2022.&nbsp;<em>How to Fight Fake News with Behavioral Science<\/em>. The Decision Lab. Dostupn\u00e9 z: https:\/\/thedecisionlab.com\/insights\/policy\/how-to-fight-fake-news-with-behavioral-science\/<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>RAND Corporation (bez data).&nbsp;<em>Tools That Fight Disinformation Online<\/em>. Dostupn\u00e9 z: https:\/\/www. rand.org\/research\/projects\/truth-decay\/fighting-disinformation\/search.html<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Rod, Zden\u011bk. 2021. Review: Trine Villumsen Berling, Ulrik Pram Gad, Karen Lund Petersen and Ole W\u00e6ver:&nbsp;<em>Translations of Security: A Framework for the Study of Unwanted Futures<\/em>.&nbsp;<em>Mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed vztahy<\/em>&nbsp;56&nbsp; (4): 177\u2013184.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u2014\u2014\u2014. (2022). Explaining Disinformation? There\u2019s a Far Better Way to Do That!&nbsp;<em>Atlantic Forum<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>28\/4. Dostupn\u00e9 z: https:\/\/www.atlantic-forum.com\/atlantica\/explaining-disinformation-theres-a-far-better-way-to-do-that<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0158ehka, Karel. 2017.&nbsp;<em>Informa\u010dn\u00ed v\u00e1lka<\/em>. Praha: Academia.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Thorson, E. 2015. Belief Echoes: The Persistent Effects of Corrected Misinformation.&nbsp;<em>Political Communication<\/em>&nbsp;33 (3): 460\u2013480.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>TOP 09 (2024). Co te\u010f ud\u011blat pro zvl\u00e1dnut\u00ed epidemie? Z\u0159\u00eddit \u201ecovidov\u00e9\u201c nemocnice a zlep\u0161it komunikaci. 20\/10. Dostupn\u00e9 z: https:\/\/www.top09.cz\/co-delame\/tiskove-zpravy\/co-ted-udelat-prozvladnuti-epidemie-zridit-covidove-nemocnice-a-zlepsit-komunikaci-27819.html<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/top-az.eu\/rod-360stupnovy-pristup-ke-zvladani-dezinformaci-idealni-pomocnik-na-ceste-z-bludneho-kruhu-soucasnych-snah\/#_ftnref1\">[1]<\/a>&nbsp;Tato kapitola pracuje s pojmem ,zvl\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed\u201c dezinformac\u00ed, nikoli pojmem ,,boj\u201c proti dezinformac\u00edm. Dezinformace se toti\u017e nedaj\u00ed porazit. Lze ale zm\u00edrnit (zvl\u00e1dnout) jejich dopady na spole\u010dnost.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/top-az.eu\/rod-360stupnovy-pristup-ke-zvladani-dezinformaci-idealni-pomocnik-na-ceste-z-bludneho-kruhu-soucasnych-snah\/#_ftnref2\">[2]<\/a>&nbsp;Kahneman (2011) tvrd\u00ed, \u017ee n\u00e1\u0161 mozek kombinuje dva syst\u00e9my my\u0161len\u00ed. Syst\u00e9m 1, re\u017eim rychl\u00e9ho my\u0161len\u00ed, kter\u00fd funguje instinktivn\u011b, rozhoduje podv\u011bdom\u011b a bez intelektu\u00e1ln\u00ed n\u00e1mahy. Naopak Syst\u00e9m 2, re\u017eim pomal\u00e9ho my\u0161len\u00ed, zapojujeme, kdy\u017e se pokou\u0161\u00edme o z\u00e1m\u011brnou, logickou anal\u00fdzu. Pozn. ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Cel\u00fd text kapitoly ve verzi ke sta\u017een\u00ed naleznete zde: <a href=\"http:\/\/&lt;div class=&quot;_3d-flip-book  fb3d-fullscreen-mode full-size&quot; data-id=&quot;&quot;21336&quot;&quot; data-mode=&quot;fullscreen&quot; data-title=&quot;false&quot; data-template=&quot;short-white-book-view&quot; data-lightbox=&quot;dark-shadow&quot; data-urlparam=&quot;fb3d-page&quot; data-page-n=&quot;0&quot; data-pdf=&quot;&quot; data-tax=&quot;null&quot; data-thumbnail=&quot;&quot; data-cols=&quot;3&quot; data-book-template=&quot;default&quot; data-trigger=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;script type=&quot;text\/javascript&quot;&gt;window.FB3D_CLIENT_DATA = window.FB3D_CLIENT_DATA || [];FB3D_CLIENT_DATA.push(&#039;eyJwb3N0cyI6W10sInBhZ2VzIjpbXSwiZmlyc3RQYWdlcyI6W119&#039;);window.FB3D_CLIENT_LOCALE &amp;&amp; FB3D_CLIENT_LOCALE.render &amp;&amp; FB3D_CLIENT_LOCALE.render();&lt;\/script&gt;\"><div class=\"_3d-flip-book  fb3d-fullscreen-mode full-size\" data-id=\"21336\" data-mode=\"fullscreen\" data-title=\"false\" data-template=\"short-white-book-view\" data-lightbox=\"dark-shadow\" data-urlparam=\"fb3d-page\" data-page-n=\"0\" data-pdf=\"\" data-tax=\"null\" data-thumbnail=\"\" data-cols=\"3\" data-book-template=\"default\" data-trigger=\"\"><\/div><script type=\"text\/javascript\">window.FB3D_CLIENT_DATA = window.FB3D_CLIENT_DATA || [];FB3D_CLIENT_DATA.push('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');window.FB3D_CLIENT_LOCALE && FB3D_CLIENT_LOCALE.render && FB3D_CLIENT_LOCALE.render();<\/script><\/a><\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>N\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed text napsal politolog a expert na strategickou komunikaci Zden\u011bk Rod pro na\u0161i publikaci Shrnut\u00ed:&nbsp;\u010cesko se pot\u00fdk\u00e1 s prudk\u00fdm n\u00e1r\u016fstem dezinformac\u00ed, kter\u00e9 do jist\u00e9 m\u00edry akcelerovala pandemie covidu-19. Probl\u00e9mu d\u00e1le p\u0159id\u00e1vaj\u00ed na v\u00e1\u017enosti nov\u00e9 a rafinovan\u011bj\u0161\u00ed strategie dezinform\u00e1tor\u016f a dlouhotrvaj\u00edc\u00ed ne\u010dinnost vl\u00e1dy. V sou\u010dasnosti p\u0159evl\u00e1d\u00e1 p\u0159esv\u011bd\u010den\u00ed, \u017ee mezi nejefektivn\u011bj\u0161\u00edmi p\u0159\u00edstupy, jak zm\u00edrnit dopady dezinformac\u00ed ve [&hellip;]<\/p>","protected":false},"author":8,"featured_media":20825,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[5,4],"tags":[128,111,131,130,129,112],"class_list":["post-20824","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-aktuality","category-publikace","tag-behavioralni-nudging","tag-dezinformace","tag-fact-checking","tag-kriticke-mysleni","tag-strategicka-komunikace","tag-zdenek-rod"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/thinktopaz.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/20824","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/thinktopaz.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/thinktopaz.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/thinktopaz.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/8"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/thinktopaz.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=20824"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/thinktopaz.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/20824\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":21337,"href":"https:\/\/thinktopaz.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/20824\/revisions\/21337"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/thinktopaz.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/20825"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/thinktopaz.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=20824"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/thinktopaz.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=20824"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/thinktopaz.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=20824"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}