{"id":20842,"date":"2024-08-16T12:32:31","date_gmt":"2024-08-16T10:32:31","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/new.thinktopaz.cz\/?p=20842"},"modified":"2025-01-24T12:34:26","modified_gmt":"2025-01-24T11:34:26","slug":"sprincova-zeny-v-ceske-politice","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/thinktopaz.cz\/en\/2024\/08\/16\/sprincova-zeny-v-ceske-politice\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0160princov\u00e1: \u017deny v \u010desk\u00e9 politice"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><em>N\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed text napsala analyti\u010dka F\u00f3ra 50 % Veronika \u0160princov\u00e1 pro na\u0161i publikaci<\/em> <a href=\"http:\/\/&lt;div class=&quot;_3d-flip-book  fb3d-fullscreen-mode full-size&quot; data-id=&quot;&quot;21278&quot;&quot; data-mode=&quot;fullscreen&quot; data-title=&quot;false&quot; data-template=&quot;short-white-book-view&quot; data-lightbox=&quot;dark-shadow&quot; data-urlparam=&quot;fb3d-page&quot; data-page-n=&quot;0&quot; data-pdf=&quot;&quot; data-tax=&quot;null&quot; data-thumbnail=&quot;&quot; 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Jednou z nejv\u00fdrazn\u011bj\u0161\u00edch oblast\u00ed je zastoupen\u00ed \u017een ve ve\u0159ejn\u00e9m \u017eivot\u011b. \u010cesko je co do zastoupen\u00ed \u017een v politice dlouhodob\u011b pod evropsk\u00fdm i celosv\u011btov\u00fdm pr\u016fm\u011brem. N\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed kapitola popisuje v\u00fdvoj situace v posledn\u00edch t\u0159ech dek\u00e1d\u00e1ch, hlavn\u00ed probl\u00e9my sou\u010dasn\u00e9ho stavu i mo\u017en\u00e1 \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed.&nbsp;<strong>Kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00e1 slova:<\/strong>&nbsp;\u017eeny v politice, rovnost \u017een a mu\u017e\u016f, \u010desk\u00e1 politika<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u00davod<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>V posledn\u00edch t\u0159iceti letech do\u0161lo v \u010desk\u00e9 spole\u010dnosti k v\u00fdrazn\u00fdm zm\u011bn\u00e1m, kter\u00e9 se dotkly i postaven\u00ed \u017een a mu\u017e\u016f ve spole\u010dnosti. Pozitivn\u00ed roli v tomto kontextu sehr\u00e1l p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm vstup \u010ceska do Evropsk\u00e9 unie (EU), kter\u00fd si vy\u017e\u00e1dal pozitivn\u00ed zm\u011bny sm\u011brem k prosazov\u00e1n\u00ed rovnosti \u017een a mu\u017e\u016f. Jak v\u0161ak dlouhodob\u011b ukazuje nap\u0159\u00edklad mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed srovn\u00e1n\u00ed Sv\u011btov\u00e9ho ekonomick\u00e9ho f\u00f3ra, tempo zm\u011bn se zpomaluje a ostatn\u00edm zem\u00edm se da\u0159\u00ed zlep\u0161ovat situaci rychleji. Kdy\u017e se pod\u00edv\u00e1me konkr\u00e9tn\u011b na oblast politick\u00e9ho rozhodov\u00e1n\u00ed, zjist\u00edme, \u017ee v roce 2006, kdy byl \u017eeb\u0159\u00ed\u010dek poprv\u00e9 zve\u0159ejn\u011bn, se \u010cesko um\u00edstilo v r\u00e1mci dne\u0161n\u00ed EU-27 na 20. m\u00edst\u011b (Sv\u011btov\u00e9 ekonomick\u00e9 f\u00f3rum 2006). V roce 2023 ho v r\u00e1mci EU-27 najdeme a\u017e na 24. m\u00edst\u011b (Sv\u011btov\u00e9 ekonomick\u00e9 f\u00f3rum 2023).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Zastoupen\u00ed \u017een v politice je ovliv\u0148ov\u00e1no \u0159adou faktor\u016f, kl\u00ed\u010dovou roli v\u0161ak sehr\u00e1vaj\u00ed politick\u00e9 strany. Voli\u010di a voli\u010dky si mohou vyb\u00edrat jen z t\u011bch kandiduj\u00edc\u00edch, kter\u00e9 strany nominuj\u00ed na kandid\u00e1tn\u00ed listiny. Jak uvid\u00edme d\u00e1le, tam \u017eeny zpravidla st\u00e1le chyb\u00ed \u2013 zejm\u00e9na na voliteln\u00fdch m\u00edstech. N\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed kapitola se v\u011bnuje zastoupen\u00ed \u017een v celost\u00e1tn\u00ed politice, faktor\u016fm, kter\u00e9 zastoupen\u00ed \u017een ovliv\u0148uj\u00ed i mo\u017en\u00fdm \u0159e\u0161en\u00edm sou\u010dasn\u00e9ho nep\u0159\u00edzniv\u00e9ho stavu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u017d\u00e1dn\u00e1 z \u010desk\u00fdch parlamentn\u00edch stran se vyrovn\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed zastoupen\u00ed \u017een a mu\u017e\u016f systematicky nev\u011bnuje, co\u017e se pak prom\u00edt\u00e1 do dat zachycuj\u00edc\u00edch zastoupen\u00ed \u017een a mu\u017e\u016f v \u010desk\u00e9 politice. V\u00fdvoj pod\u00edlu nominovan\u00fdch i zvolen\u00fdch \u017een je z dlouhodob\u00e9ho pohledu nahodil\u00fd (F\u00f3rum 50 % 2020, 32\u201338). Pozitivn\u00ed trend je v z\u00e1sad\u011b vid\u011bt jen u \u010cesk\u00e9 pir\u00e1tsk\u00e9 strany (\u010cPS), u nich\u017e v\u0161ak m\u016f\u017eeme sledovat pouze relativn\u011b kr\u00e1tk\u00e9 obdob\u00ed, tak\u017ee by bylo p\u0159ed\u010dasn\u00e9 \u010dinit n\u011bjak\u00e9 definitivn\u00ed z\u00e1v\u011bry. \u017d\u00e1dn\u00e1 ze stran aktu\u00e1ln\u011b zastoupen\u00fdch v Poslaneck\u00e9 sn\u011bmovn\u011b Parlamentu \u010cR nepou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 z\u00e1vazn\u00e9 podp\u016frn\u00e9 opat\u0159en\u00ed ve form\u011b kv\u00f3t na zastoupen\u00ed \u017een a mu\u017e\u016f na kandid\u00e1tn\u00edch listin\u00e1ch.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Demokracie bez \u017een pokulh\u00e1v\u00e1<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>V diskusi o nevyv\u00e1\u017eenosti politick\u00fdch proces\u016f se \u010dasto objevuje ot\u00e1zka, pro\u010d je pozornost up\u00edr\u00e1na p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm na \u017eeny a m\u00e9n\u011b ji\u017e na dal\u0161\u00ed skupiny, kter\u00e9 nejsou v politice (dostate\u010dn\u011b) zastoupeny. Odpov\u011b\u010f je jednoduch\u00e1: na rozd\u00edl od jin\u00fdch znev\u00fdhodn\u011bn\u00fdch skupin nejsou \u017eeny men\u0161inou. Tvo\u0159\u00ed zhruba polovinu populace a jsou do n\u011bjak\u00e9 m\u00edry zastoupeny nap\u0159\u00ed\u010d v\u0161emi spole\u010densk\u00fdmi vrstvami (podrobn\u011bji \u0160princov\u00e1 2009, 11\u201314). Mus\u00edme v\u0161ak m\u00edt na pam\u011bti, \u017ee \u017eeny \u2013 stejn\u011b jako mu\u017ei \u2013 nejsou homogenn\u00ed skupinou a je pravdou, \u017ee konkr\u00e9tn\u00ed \u017eena m\u016f\u017ee m\u00edt k politick\u00e9mu rozhodov\u00e1n\u00ed snaz\u0161\u00ed p\u0159\u00edstup ne\u017e konkr\u00e9tn\u00ed mu\u017e. Na druhou stranu plat\u00ed, \u017ee \u017eeny byly historicky z politick\u00e9ho rozhodov\u00e1n\u00ed vylou\u010deny a toto prost\u0159ed\u00ed tak bylo vytv\u00e1\u0159eno s ohledem na pot\u0159eby privilegovan\u00fdch mu\u017e\u016f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Pro kvalitu zastupitelsk\u00e9 demokracie je zcela z\u00e1sadn\u00ed, aby byla otev\u0159en\u00e1, m\u011bla k n\u00ed p\u0159\u00edstup co nej\u0161ir\u0161\u00ed \u010d\u00e1st spole\u010dnosti a mohly se v n\u00ed odr\u00e1\u017eet co nejrozmanit\u011bj\u0161\u00ed \u017eivotn\u00ed zku\u0161enosti. Spole\u010dnosti, kter\u00e9 si tuto pot\u0159ebu uv\u011bdomuj\u00ed, se zam\u011b\u0159uj\u00ed v prvn\u00ed \u0159ad\u011b na \u017eeny \u2013 pr\u00e1v\u011b proto, \u017ee tvo\u0159\u00ed jejich polovinu. T\u00edm v\u0161ak \u00fasil\u00ed zpravidla nekon\u010d\u00ed a je pot\u0159eba se d\u00edvat na dal\u0161\u00ed d\u016fvody znev\u00fdhodn\u011bn\u00ed p\u0159i vstupu do politiky \u2013 a\u0165 ji\u017e jde o fyzick\u00fd hendikep nebo nap\u0159\u00edklad o ekonomick\u00e9 znev\u00fdhodn\u011bn\u00ed. I v t\u011bchto p\u0159\u00edpadech se v\u0161ak mohou pot\u0159eby \u017een a mu\u017e\u016f li\u0161it. Pro p\u0159ij\u00edm\u00e1n\u00ed kvalitn\u00edch a efektivn\u00edch opat\u0159en\u00ed je proto pot\u0159eba m\u00edt hledisko pohlav\u00ed st\u00e1le na z\u0159eteli.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Nen\u00ed politika jako politika<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Jak je zn\u00e1zorn\u011bno v tab. \u010d. 1, mezi jednotliv\u00fdmi \u00farovn\u011bmi politick\u00e9ho rozhodov\u00e1n\u00ed panuj\u00ed rozd\u00edly. Zat\u00edmco v horn\u00ed komo\u0159e parlamentu je zastoupen\u00ed \u017een dlouhodob\u011b n\u00edzk\u00e9 (jak je patrn\u00e9 z grafu \u010d. 3, dosud nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed pod\u00edl sen\u00e1torek \u010dinil po volb\u00e1ch v roce 2016 necel\u00fdch 20 %), na \u00farovni m\u011bst a obc\u00ed se pod\u00edl \u017een v ka\u017ed\u00fdch volb\u00e1ch zvy\u0161uje a v roce 2022 dos\u00e1hl 29 %.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Tabulka \u010d. 1: Zastoupen\u00ed \u017een na r\u016fzn\u00fdch \u00farovn\u00edch rozhodov\u00e1n\u00ed v \u010cesku<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><tbody><tr><td><\/td><td>Pod\u00edl \u017een celkem<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Vl\u00e1da \u010cR<\/td><td>13 %<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Poslaneck\u00e1 sn\u011bmovna P\u010cR<\/td><td>26 %<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Sen\u00e1t P\u010cR<\/td><td>18,5 %<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Kraje<\/td><td>22 %<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Statut\u00e1rn\u00ed m\u011bsta a hl. m Praha<\/td><td>24 %<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>M\u011bsta a obce celkem<\/td><td>29 %<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Data k 20. 1. 2024<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Zdroje dat: \u010cS\u00da, webov\u00e9 str\u00e1nky Vl\u00e1dy \u010cR<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Vl\u00e1da \u010cR<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Zastoupen\u00ed \u017een v \u010desk\u00fdch vl\u00e1d\u00e1ch v\u00fdrazn\u011b kol\u00eds\u00e1 a vzhledem k tomu, \u017ee b\u011bhem funk\u010dn\u00edho obdob\u00ed doch\u00e1z\u00ed na ministersk\u00fdch postech k person\u00e1ln\u00edm obm\u011bn\u00e1m, je slo\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00ed jednotliv\u00e9 kabinety mezi sebou porovn\u00e1vat. Nejp\u0159esn\u011bj\u0161\u00edm ukazatelem je tak pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00e9 zastoupen\u00ed \u017een za cel\u00e9 funk\u010dn\u00ed obdob\u00ed vl\u00e1dy. Graf \u010d. 1: V\u00fdvoj zastoupen\u00ed \u017een ve Vl\u00e1d\u011b \u010cR v letech 1992\u20132024 (pr\u016fm\u011br za cel\u00e9 funk\u010dn\u00ed obdob\u00ed)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"885\" height=\"505\" src=\"https:\/\/new.thinktopaz.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Snimek-obrazovky-2024-08-16-125133-1.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-20844\" srcset=\"https:\/\/thinktopaz.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Snimek-obrazovky-2024-08-16-125133-1.png 885w, https:\/\/thinktopaz.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Snimek-obrazovky-2024-08-16-125133-1-300x171.png 300w, https:\/\/thinktopaz.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Snimek-obrazovky-2024-08-16-125133-1-768x438.png 768w, https:\/\/thinktopaz.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Snimek-obrazovky-2024-08-16-125133-1-18x10.png 18w, https:\/\/thinktopaz.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Snimek-obrazovky-2024-08-16-125133-1-150x85.png 150w, https:\/\/thinktopaz.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Snimek-obrazovky-2024-08-16-125133-1-600x342.png 600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 885px) 100vw, 885px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>*\u00fa\u0159ednick\u00e1 vl\u00e1da<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Zdroje dat: webov\u00e9 str\u00e1nky Vl\u00e1dy \u010cR (www.vlada.cz)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Jak je patrn\u00e9 z grafu \u010d. 1, ve v\u00fdvoji zastoupen\u00ed \u017een na vl\u00e1dn\u00edch postech nelze vysledovat dlouhodob\u011bj\u0161\u00ed trend. V\u00fdvoj je natolik nahodil\u00fd, \u017ee jej nelze vysv\u011btlit jinak ne\u017e \u010dist\u011b shodou aktu\u00e1ln\u00edch okolnost\u00ed a nab\u00edz\u00ed se zde p\u0159irovn\u00e1n\u00ed Hany Havelkov\u00e9 (2006), kter\u00e1 zastoupen\u00ed \u017een v \u010desk\u00e9 politice p\u0159irovn\u00e1v\u00e1 k loterii. Vid\u00edme, \u017ee roli nehraje ani rozd\u011blen\u00ed na pravici a levici, ani na politick\u00e9 a \u00fa\u0159ednick\u00e9 vl\u00e1dy. V\u00fdrazn\u011bji tak vybo\u010duj\u00ed jen ob\u011b vl\u00e1dy premi\u00e9ra Andreje Babi\u0161e, co\u017e m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt d\u00e1no ideologickou nevyhran\u011bnost\u00ed strany, populistickou snahou zaujmout voli\u010dstvo obsazen\u00edm \u017een na kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00e9 posty, d\u016fv\u011brou Andreje Babi\u0161e v mana\u017eersk\u00e9 a politick\u00e9 schopnosti \u017een v jeho okol\u00ed (viz nap\u0159. P\u0161eni\u010dka 2017) nebo pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b kombinac\u00ed v\u0161ech t\u011bchto faktor\u016f. Zlep\u0161en\u00ed dosavadn\u00edho v\u00fdvoje by p\u0159itom nemuselo b\u00fdt nijak slo\u017eit\u00e9, sta\u010dilo by, aby strany m\u011bly na ka\u017ed\u00fd resort dlouhodob\u011b vyprofilovan\u00e9 dv\u011b osoby \u2013 jednu \u017eenu a jednoho mu\u017ee \u2013, co\u017e by umo\u017enilo p\u0159i sestavov\u00e1n\u00ed vl\u00e1dy pru\u017en\u011bji reagovat na p\u0159id\u011blov\u00e1n\u00ed ministerstev jednotliv\u00fdm vl\u00e1dn\u00edm stran\u00e1m a hnut\u00edm a pozitivn\u011b tak ovlivnit celkov\u00e9 zastoupen\u00ed \u017een na vl\u00e1dn\u00ed \u00farovni.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Poslaneck\u00e1 sn\u011bmovna Parlamentu \u010cesk\u00e9 republiky<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>V Poslaneck\u00e9 sn\u011bmovn\u011b Parlamentu \u010cesk\u00e9 republiky nejsou v\u00fdkyvy tak v\u00fdrazn\u00e9. Jak ukazuj\u00ed data v grafu \u010d. 2, v posledn\u00edch t\u0159ech volb\u00e1ch se zastoupen\u00ed \u017een postupn\u011b zvy\u0161uje. Ov\u0161em ani v tomto p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b nejde o v\u00fdsledek systematick\u00e9 snahy vyrovn\u00e1vat zastoupen\u00ed \u017een v politice, ale v z\u00e1sad\u011b o shodu okolnost\u00ed. Nelze tak spol\u00e9hat na to, \u017ee se pozitivn\u00ed trend bude opakovat i po dal\u0161\u00edch sn\u011bmovn\u00edch volb\u00e1ch. Z\u00e1le\u017eet bude p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm na tom, jak\u00e9 strany budou do Sn\u011bmovny zvoleny, kolik z\u00edskaj\u00ed mand\u00e1t\u016f, kolik \u017een a na jak\u00fdch pozic\u00edch na kandid\u00e1tn\u00edch listin\u00e1ch do dan\u00fdch voleb vy\u0161lou a do jak\u00e9 m\u00edry vyu\u017eij\u00ed voli\u010di a voli\u010dky sv\u00e9 preferen\u010dn\u00ed hlasy. V neposledn\u00ed \u0159ad\u011b sehr\u00e1v\u00e1 roli i skute\u010dnost, zda strany kandiduj\u00ed samostatn\u011b \u010di v koalic\u00edch.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Jak bylo uvedeno ji\u017e v \u00favodu, \u010desk\u00e9 politick\u00e9 strany nejsou z celkov\u00e9ho pohledu p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 konzistentn\u00ed v tom, jak ochotn\u011b nominuj\u00ed \u017eeny do voleb, a to p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm na p\u0159edn\u00ed m\u00edsta kandid\u00e1tn\u00edch listin. Nap\u0159\u00edklad hnut\u00ed ANO 2011, kter\u00e9 do Poslaneck\u00e9 sn\u011bmovny kandidovalo dosud t\u0159ikr\u00e1t, vid\u00edme pozitivn\u00ed trend n\u00e1r\u016fstu pod\u00edlu \u017een mezi nominovan\u00fdmi i zvolen\u00fdmi, na jin\u00fdch \u00farovn\u00edch politick\u00e9ho rozhodov\u00e1n\u00ed (nap\u0159\u00edklad v Sen\u00e1tu) v\u0161ak pod\u00edl kol\u00eds\u00e1 (F\u00f3rum 50 % 2020, 32n). Nelze tedy s jistotou tvrdit, \u017ee ANO 2011 jako\u017eto jeden z nejv\u00fdrazn\u011bj\u0161\u00edch politick\u00fdch hr\u00e1\u010d\u016f bude v tomto pozitivn\u00edm trendu pokra\u010dovat i nad\u00e1le, nav\u00edc v situaci, kdy nen\u00ed zastoupen\u00ed \u017een na kandid\u00e1tn\u00edch listin\u00e1ch nijak form\u00e1ln\u011b ur\u010deno. Jedin\u00fdm politick\u00fdm subjektem, kter\u00fd byl do Poslaneck\u00e9 sn\u011bmovny zvolen ve v\u0161ech volb\u00e1ch od roku 1996, je Ob\u010dansk\u00e1 demokratick\u00e1 strana (ODS). V jej\u00edm p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b plat\u00ed, \u017ee se pod\u00edl nominovan\u00fdch \u017een st\u0159\u00eddav\u011b zvy\u0161uje a sni\u017euje a podobn\u011b z dlouhodob\u00e9ho hlediska kol\u00eds\u00e1 i pod\u00edl \u017een v jej\u00edm poslaneck\u00e9m klubu. Podobn\u00fd v\u00fdvoj vid\u00edme i u druh\u00e9 \u201est\u00e1lice\u201c v doln\u00ed komo\u0159e parlamentu, K\u0159es\u0165ansk\u00e9 a demokratick\u00e1 unie \u2013 \u010ceskoslovensk\u00e9 stran\u011b lidov\u00e9 (KDU-\u010cSL) (F\u00f3rum 50 % 2020, 35, F\u00f3rum 2021, 4n).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Graf \u010d. 2: Pod\u00edl \u017een mezi nominovan\u00fdmi a zvolen\u00fdmi do PS P\u010cR v letech 1996\u20132021<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"999\" height=\"612\" src=\"https:\/\/new.thinktopaz.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Snimek-obrazovky-2024-08-16-125035-1.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-20845\" srcset=\"https:\/\/thinktopaz.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Snimek-obrazovky-2024-08-16-125035-1.png 999w, https:\/\/thinktopaz.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Snimek-obrazovky-2024-08-16-125035-1-300x184.png 300w, https:\/\/thinktopaz.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Snimek-obrazovky-2024-08-16-125035-1-768x470.png 768w, https:\/\/thinktopaz.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Snimek-obrazovky-2024-08-16-125035-1-18x12.png 18w, https:\/\/thinktopaz.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Snimek-obrazovky-2024-08-16-125035-1-600x368.png 600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 999px) 100vw, 999px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Zdroje dat: \u010cS\u00da<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Celkov\u00fd pod\u00edl nominovan\u00fdch \u017een byl ve v\u0161ech dosavadn\u00edch volb\u00e1ch vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e jejich pod\u00edl mezi zvolen\u00fdmi poslanci a poslankyn\u011bmi. Sp\u00ed\u0161e ne\u017e celkov\u00fd pod\u00edl nominovan\u00fdch \u017een je kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00e9 jejich um\u00edst\u011bn\u00ed na kandid\u00e1tn\u00ed listin\u011b. Jak je patrn\u00e9 z tabulky \u010d. 2, se zvy\u0161uj\u00edc\u00ed se pozic\u00ed na kandid\u00e1tn\u00edch listin\u00e1ch se pod\u00edl \u017een zpravidla sni\u017euje. Jedinou v\u00fdjimkou byly volby v roce 2006, kdy kandidovala Strana Rovnost \u0160anc\u00ed<a href=\"https:\/\/top-az.eu\/sprincova-zeny-v-ceske-politice\/#_ftn1\"><sup>[1]<\/sup><\/a>, kter\u00e1 do voleb vyslala pouze \u017eensk\u00e9 kandid\u00e1tky.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Tabulka \u010d. 2: Zastoupen\u00ed \u017een na p\u0159edn\u00edch m\u00edstech kandid\u00e1tn\u00edch listin do PS P\u010cR v letech 1996\u20132021<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><tbody><tr><td><\/td><td>1996<\/td><td>1998<\/td><td>2002<\/td><td>2006<\/td><td>2010<\/td><td>2013<\/td><td>2017<\/td><td>2021<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Pod\u00edl l\u00eddry\u0148<\/td><td>14,7%<\/td><td>14,3%<\/td><td>15,4%<\/td><td>20,8%<\/td><td>10,7%<\/td><td>15,2%<\/td><td>20,5%<\/td><td>28,3%<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Pod\u00edl \u017een nominovan\u00fdch do 5.m\u00edsta<\/td><td>19,2%<\/td><td>18,7%<\/td><td>22,2%<\/td><td>28 %<\/td><td>22,7%<\/td><td>22 %<\/td><td>25,5%<\/td><td>29,7%<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Pod\u00edl \u017een nominovan\u00fdch do 10.m\u00edsta<\/td><td>17,9%<\/td><td>19 %<\/td><td>24,7%<\/td><td>28,2%<\/td><td>25,3%<\/td><td>24,7%<\/td><td>27,5%<\/td><td>31 %<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Pod\u00edl nominovan\u00fdch \u017een celkem<\/td><td>20,2%<\/td><td>20,8%<\/td><td>26,3%<\/td><td>27,7%<\/td><td>27,2%<\/td><td>26,9%<\/td><td>28,6%<\/td><td>31,7%<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Zdroj dat: \u010cS\u00da; v\u00fdpo\u010det a tabulka autorka<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Nav\u00edc je pot\u0159eba p\u0159ipomenout, \u017ee dvou historick\u00fdch maxim pod\u00edlu \u017een v Poslaneck\u00e9 sn\u011bmovn\u011b v letech 2010 a 2021 se poda\u0159ilo dos\u00e1hnout z velk\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1sti d\u00edky preferen\u010dn\u00edm hlas\u016fm. P\u0159ednostn\u00ed hlasov\u00e1n\u00ed historicky pro\u0161lo n\u011bkolika zm\u011bnami, p\u0159i\u010dem\u017e ta posledn\u00ed znamenala pos\u00edlen\u00ed jejich vlivu (\u0160princov\u00e1 a Adamusov\u00e1 2013, 17n). Dle sou\u010dasn\u00e9 z\u00e1konn\u00e9 \u00fapravy mohou voli\u010di a voli\u010dky ud\u011blit p\u0159ednostn\u00ed hlasy a\u017e \u010dty\u0159em kandiduj\u00edc\u00edm za jimi vybranou stranu \u010di hnut\u00ed. Pokud kandid\u00e1t \u010di kandid\u00e1tka z\u00edsk\u00e1 alespo\u0148 5 % v\u0161ech hlas\u016f odevzdan\u00fdch pro navrhuj\u00edc\u00ed stranu \u010di koalici, posouv\u00e1 se na prvn\u00ed pozici. Pokud tuto hranici p\u0159ekon\u00e1 v\u00edce kandiduj\u00edc\u00edch, jsou pak se\u0159azeni dle absolutn\u00edho po\u010dtu z\u00edskan\u00fdch hlas\u016f a podle tohoto po\u0159ad\u00ed jsou jim p\u0159id\u011blov\u00e1ny mand\u00e1ty.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Prob\u00edhaj\u00edc\u00ed kampa\u0148 \u010di kampan\u011b na podporu \u017eensk\u00fdch kandid\u00e1tek se v obou zm\u00edn\u011bn\u00fdch volb\u00e1ch spojily s \u0161ir\u0161\u00ed spole\u010denskou popt\u00e1vkou po politick\u00e9 zm\u011bn\u011b. V roce 2010 tak voli\u010di a voli\u010dky \u201ekrou\u017ekovali\u201c zejm\u00e9na kv\u016fli nespokojenosti s aktu\u00e1ln\u00ed politickou situac\u00ed a obsazen\u00edm \u010deln\u00fdch m\u00edst kandid\u00e1tn\u00edch listin pro mnoh\u00e9 kontroverzn\u00edmi osobnostmi (Navr\u00e1til 2013a, Navr\u00e1til 2013b). Pr\u00e1v\u011b \u201evykrou\u017ekov\u00e1n\u00ed\u201c l\u00eddr\u016f a obsazen\u00ed mand\u00e1t\u016f kandiduj\u00edc\u00edmi z ni\u017e\u0161\u00edch, p\u016fvodn\u011b nevoliteln\u00fdch, pozic p\u0159\u00edzniv\u011b ovlivnilo zastoupen\u00ed \u017een v nov\u011b zvolen\u00e9 Sn\u011bmovn\u011b (\u0160princov\u00e1 2010). O jeden\u00e1ct let pozd\u011bji se do ud\u011blov\u00e1n\u00ed preferen\u010dn\u00edch hlas\u016f prom\u00edtla dezinforma\u010dn\u00ed kampa\u0148 hnut\u00ed ANO 2011 veden\u00e1 proti \u010cesk\u00e9 pir\u00e1tsk\u00e9 stran\u011b (Tvrdo\u0148 2021) a znalost lok\u00e1ln\u00edch osobnost\u00ed (Bo\u010dek, Ko\u010d\u00ed a Z\u00e1kop\u010danov\u00e1 2021). Celkem d\u00edky preferen\u010dn\u00edm hlas\u016fm z\u00edskalo mand\u00e1t o dev\u011bt \u017een v\u00edce, ne\u017e kolik jich bylo nominov\u00e1no na voliteln\u00e1 m\u00edsta kandid\u00e1tn\u00edch listin, co\u017e v\u00fdznamn\u011b p\u0159isp\u011blo k dosa\u017een\u00ed historicky nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00edho \u2013 25% \u2013 zastoupen\u00ed \u017een v doln\u00ed komo\u0159e parlamentu (\u0160princov\u00e1 2021).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Zat\u00edmco u ostatn\u00edch subjekt\u016f, kter\u00e9 z\u00edskaly poslaneck\u00e9 mand\u00e1ty, preferen\u010dn\u00ed hlasy nijak z\u00e1sadn\u011b po\u0159ad\u00edm nezam\u00edchaly a v\u00fdrazn\u011bji nezas\u00e1hly ani do zastoupen\u00ed \u017een a mu\u017e\u016f, v p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b koalice \u010cPS a STAN (PirSTAN se z p\u016fvodn\u011b nevoliteln\u00fdch pozic dostalo do Sn\u011bmovny celkem 22 kandiduj\u00edc\u00edch, z toho 10 \u017een, v\u0161ichni nominovan\u00ed za hnut\u00ed STAN (Bo\u010dek, Ko\u010d\u00ed a Z\u00e1kop\u010danov\u00e1 2021). Data \u010cesk\u00e9ho statistick\u00e9ho \u00fa\u0159adu zve\u0159ejn\u011bn\u00e1 na www.volby.cz zachycuj\u00edc\u00ed ud\u011blov\u00e1n\u00ed preferen\u010dn\u00edch hlas\u016f konkr\u00e9tn\u00edm kandid\u00e1t\u016fm a kandid\u00e1tk\u00e1m PirSTAN ukazuj\u00ed jasnou strategii voli\u010d\u016f a voli\u010dek t\u00e9to koalice: podpo\u0159it hnut\u00ed STAN na \u00fakor jejich koali\u010dn\u00edho partnera. Jak ji\u017e bylo zm\u00edn\u011bno, svoji roli v tom mohla sehr\u00e1t aktivn\u00ed antikampa\u0148 veden\u00e1 proti Pir\u00e1t\u016fm zejm\u00e9na ze strany hnut\u00ed ANO 2011. A\u017e na v\u00fdjimky byly toti\u017e mand\u00e1ty p\u0159id\u011blov\u00e1ny p\u0159ednostn\u011b (tedy na z\u00e1klad\u011b preferen\u010dn\u00edch hlas\u016f) nominant\u016fm a nominantk\u00e1m hnut\u00ed STAN. A to i p\u0159esto, \u017ee v n\u011bkolika kraj\u00edch \u0161lo toto hnut\u00ed do voleb jako \u201eslab\u0161\u00ed\u201c strana a dostalo tak na kandid\u00e1tn\u00ed listin\u011b men\u0161\u00ed po\u010det m\u00edst ne\u017e druh\u00e1 \u010d\u00e1st koalice, Pir\u00e1ti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>P\u0159\u00edkladem m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt hlavn\u00ed m\u011bsto Praha, kde koalice z\u00edskala 6 sn\u011bmovn\u00edch k\u0159esel. Na prvn\u00edch 6 m\u00edstech kandid\u00e1tky bylo 5 nominant\u016f a nominantek Pir\u00e1t\u016f a 1 kandid\u00e1t hnut\u00ed STAN. Voli\u010di a voli\u010dky v\u0161ak \u201ekrou\u017ekovali\u201c krom\u011b l\u00eddryn\u011b Olgy Richterov\u00e9 (Pir\u00e1ti) prvn\u00ed 4 kandiduj\u00edc\u00ed za hnut\u00ed STAN, co\u017e v praxi znamenalo 3., 7. 11. a 16. m\u00edsto na kandid\u00e1tn\u00ed listin\u011b. Jin\u00fdmi slovy m\u00edsta obvykle zcela nevoliteln\u00e1, na kter\u00e1 jsou strany ochotn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed nominovat \u017eensk\u00e9 kandid\u00e1tky.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Podobn\u00fd vzorek vid\u00edme ve v\u0161ech ostatn\u00edch volebn\u00edch kraj\u00edch: a\u010dkoli Pir\u00e1ti obsadili prvn\u00ed m\u00edsta na koali\u010dn\u00edch kandid\u00e1tk\u00e1ch v 10 volebn\u00edch obvodech ze 14, v 8 kraj\u00edch na mand\u00e1t nedos\u00e1hli ani jimi nominovan\u00ed l\u00edd\u0159i a l\u00eddryn\u011b. Krom\u011b Olgy Richterov\u00e9 v Praze tak byl jedinou zvolenou pir\u00e1tskou \u201ejedni\u010dkou\u201c p\u0159edseda strany Ivan Barto\u0161 v \u00dasteck\u00e9m kraji. V n\u011bkter\u00fdch kraj\u00edch vid\u00edme i m\u00edrn\u011b v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed podporu \u017een nominovan\u00fdch za STAN, tento faktor v\u0161ak nehr\u00e1l z\u00e1sadn\u00ed roli a zm\u011bnil pouze po\u0159ad\u00ed v jak\u00e9m byly kandid\u00e1tk\u00e1m a kandid\u00e1t\u016fm hnut\u00ed STAN mand\u00e1ty p\u0159id\u011bleny.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Sen\u00e1t Parlamentu \u010cR<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Dlouhodob\u011b tristn\u00ed je zastoupen\u00ed \u017een v Sen\u00e1tu, k \u010demu\u017e p\u0159isp\u00edv\u00e1 i skute\u010dnost, \u017ee je pro volby vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n v\u011bt\u0161inov\u00fd volebn\u00ed syst\u00e9m, kter\u00fd je pro \u017eeny m\u00e9n\u011b p\u0159\u00edzniv\u00fd. Ve v\u011bt\u0161inov\u00fdch syst\u00e9mech, kde v jednom volebn\u00edm obvodu v\u00edt\u011bz\u00ed jen jeden kandid\u00e1t \u010di kandid\u00e1tka, jsou strany m\u00e9n\u011b ochotn\u00e9 nominovat \u017eeny, proto\u017ee se ob\u00e1vaj\u00ed por\u00e1\u017eky ze strany mu\u017esk\u00e9ho protikandid\u00e1ta. V pom\u011brn\u00fdch syst\u00e9mech strany naopak nominuj\u00ed osoby \u017eensk\u00e9ho pohlav\u00ed s c\u00edlem vyv\u00e1\u017eit kandid\u00e1tn\u00ed listinu a roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159it tak \u0159ady sv\u00fdch voli\u010d\u016f (Kittilson 2006, 4n.). Jak upozor\u0148uj\u00ed Raku\u0161anov\u00e1 a V\u00e1clav\u00edkov\u00e1 Hel\u0161usov\u00e1 (2006, 44), p\u016fsoben\u00ed volebn\u00edho syst\u00e9mu v\u0161ak nen\u00ed p\u0159\u00edm\u00e9, jeho vliv je zprost\u0159edkov\u00e1n mechanismem v\u00fdb\u011bru kandiduj\u00edc\u00edch osob uvnit\u0159 stran \u2013 nominov\u00e1n\u00ed \u017een je ur\u010deno v\u00fd\u0161\u00ed transak\u010dn\u00edch n\u00e1klad\u016f. Transak\u010dn\u00ed n\u00e1kladnost t\u011bsn\u011b souvis\u00ed s volebn\u00edm syst\u00e9mem, konkr\u00e9tn\u011b s velikost\u00ed volebn\u00edho obvodu \u2013 po\u010dtem mand\u00e1t\u016f, kter\u00e9 je mo\u017en\u00e9 v dan\u00e9m obvodu z\u00edskat \u2013 a velikost\u00ed volebn\u00edho obvodu z hlediska ka\u017ed\u00e9 politick\u00e9 strany \u2013 po\u010dtem mand\u00e1t\u016f, kter\u00e9 m\u016f\u017ee v dan\u00e9m obvodu z\u00edskat ka\u017ed\u00e1 jednotliv\u00e1 strana. Situaci pak komplikuje i fakt, \u017ee se ve volb\u00e1ch ka\u017ed\u00e9 dva roky obm\u011b\u0148uje jen t\u0159etina mand\u00e1t\u016f, tak\u017ee jednor\u00e1zov\u00fd \u00fasp\u011bch \u017eensk\u00fdch kandid\u00e1tek nem\u00e1 a\u017e tak velk\u00fd dopad na celkov\u00e9 zastoupen\u00ed \u017een v horn\u00ed komo\u0159e parlamentu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Graf \u010d. 3: Pod\u00edl \u017een mezi nominovan\u00fdmi a zvolen\u00fdmi do Sen\u00e1tu P\u010cR v letech 1996\u20132022<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"858\" height=\"515\" src=\"https:\/\/new.thinktopaz.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Snimek-obrazovky-2024-08-16-124908-1.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-20846\" srcset=\"https:\/\/thinktopaz.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Snimek-obrazovky-2024-08-16-124908-1.png 858w, https:\/\/thinktopaz.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Snimek-obrazovky-2024-08-16-124908-1-300x180.png 300w, https:\/\/thinktopaz.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Snimek-obrazovky-2024-08-16-124908-1-768x461.png 768w, https:\/\/thinktopaz.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Snimek-obrazovky-2024-08-16-124908-1-18x12.png 18w, https:\/\/thinktopaz.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Snimek-obrazovky-2024-08-16-124908-1-600x360.png 600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 858px) 100vw, 858px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Zdroj dat: \u010cS\u00da<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Jak je patrn\u00e9 z grafu \u010d. 3, pod\u00edl nominovan\u00fdch \u017een se volby od voleb m\u011bn\u00ed, jednou se zvy\u0161uje, jindy naopak sni\u017euje a stejn\u011b tak kol\u00eds\u00e1 i kone\u010dn\u00fd pod\u00edl nov\u011b zvolen\u00fdch sen\u00e1torek. V n\u00e1vaznosti na to i celkov\u00e9 zastoupen\u00ed \u017een v Sen\u00e1tu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Politi\u010dky a politici z\u00e1vod\u00ed v jin\u00e9 discipl\u00edn\u011b<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Jak bylo zm\u00edn\u011bno v \u00favodu, vstup \u010ceska do EU s sebou p\u0159inesl \u0159adu pozitivn\u00edch zm\u011bn, a to p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm v oblasti z\u00e1kazu diskriminace, postaven\u00ed \u017een na trhu pr\u00e1ce a prevence a pot\u00edr\u00e1n\u00ed dom\u00e1c\u00edho n\u00e1sil\u00ed (Soka\u010dov\u00e1 2009, Volejn\u00ed\u010dkov\u00e1 2015, 4). Politick\u00e9ho rozhodov\u00e1n\u00ed se v\u0161ak tyto zm\u011bny nijak nedotkly a na celost\u00e1tn\u00ed \u00farovni nebyla p\u0159ijata \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e1 opat\u0159en\u00ed k \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed dlouhodob\u011b nevyrovnan\u00e9ho zastoupen\u00ed \u017een a mu\u017e\u016f v politice. V diskusi o \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed nevyv\u00e1\u017een\u00e9ho zastoupen\u00ed \u017een a mu\u017e\u016f v politice se p\u0159i odm\u00edt\u00e1n\u00ed pozitivn\u00edch opat\u0159en\u00ed, jako jsou nap\u0159\u00edklad genderov\u00e9 kv\u00f3ty, objevuje v\u00edra ve zlep\u0161en\u00ed \u201ep\u0159irozen\u00fdm v\u00fdvojem\u201c nebo ve srovn\u00e1n\u00ed startovn\u00edch podm\u00ednek pro v\u0161echny bez ohledu na pohlav\u00ed. Drude Dahlerup (1998) v t\u00e9to souvislosti upozor\u0148uje na nutnost rozli\u0161en\u00ed mezi dv\u011bma pojet\u00edmi rovnosti. Zm\u00edn\u011bn\u00fd p\u0159\u00edstup podle n\u00ed vych\u00e1z\u00ed z pozice klasick\u00e9ho liber\u00e1ln\u00edho n\u00e1roku rovnosti p\u0159\u00edle\u017eitost\u00ed. V tomto pojet\u00ed sta\u010d\u00ed odstranit form\u00e1ln\u00ed p\u0159ek\u00e1\u017eky p\u0159\u00edstupu k participaci na politick\u00e9m \u017eivot\u011b (nap\u0159. ud\u011blen\u00ed volebn\u00edho pr\u00e1va), dal\u0161\u00ed v\u00fdvoj je pak na konkr\u00e9tn\u00edch jedinc\u00edch a jejich schopnostech. Druh\u00fdm p\u0159\u00edstupem je po\u017eadavek na rovnost ve v\u00fdsledku, kter\u00fd vych\u00e1z\u00ed z p\u0159edpokladu, \u017ee skute\u010dn\u00e1 rovnost nenast\u00e1v\u00e1 ani po odstran\u011bn\u00ed form\u00e1ln\u00edch p\u0159ek\u00e1\u017eek. Diskriminace je ch\u00e1p\u00e1na jako soubor skryt\u00fdch bari\u00e9r, kter\u00e9 \u017een\u00e1m br\u00e1n\u00ed politiku ovliv\u0148ovat. Pokud existuj\u00ed bari\u00e9ry, mus\u00ed b\u00fdt zavedena kompenza\u010dn\u00ed opat\u0159en\u00ed, kter\u00e1 ve v\u00fdsledku umo\u017e\u0148uj\u00ed dos\u00e1hnout skute\u010dn\u00e9 rovnosti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Jak ukazuj\u00ed i zku\u0161enosti ze zahrani\u010d\u00ed (evropsk\u00e9 st\u00e1ty s nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00edm zastoupen\u00edm \u017een v politice n\u011bjak\u00fd typ opat\u0159en\u00ed pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed \u010di pou\u017e\u00edvaly, viz nap\u0159., \u0160princov\u00e1 a Mottlov\u00e1 2015) spol\u00e9h\u00e1n\u00ed na \u201ep\u0159irozen\u00fd v\u00fdvoj\u201c ani samotn\u00e9 odstran\u011bn\u00ed form\u00e1ln\u00edch p\u0159ek\u00e1\u017eek (nap\u0159. ud\u011blen\u00edm pasivn\u00edho volebn\u00edho pr\u00e1va \u017een\u00e1m) nevede k dlouhodob\u00e9mu \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed probl\u00e9mu. \u0158e\u010deno s nads\u00e1zkou, zat\u00edmco mu\u017ei b\u011b\u017e\u00ed sprint, \u017eeny p\u0159ek\u00e1\u017ekov\u00fd b\u011bh. Musej\u00ed toti\u017e p\u0159ekon\u00e1vat \u0159adu p\u0159ek\u00e1\u017eek, kter\u00e9 m\u016f\u017eeme rozd\u011blit do t\u0159\u00ed typ\u016f: individu\u00e1ln\u00ed, spole\u010densk\u00e9 a institucion\u00e1ln\u00ed, kter\u00e9 jsou v\u0161ak prov\u00e1z\u00e1ny a vz\u00e1jemn\u011b se posiluj\u00ed (Raku\u0161anov\u00e1 2006). Ka\u017ed\u00fd typ bari\u00e9ry vy\u017eaduje jin\u00e1 opat\u0159en\u00ed pro jejich odstra\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00ed, kter\u00e1 by v ide\u00e1ln\u00edm p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b m\u011bla spolup\u016fsobit a tlakem z r\u016fzn\u00fdch stran pomoci tyto mnohdy neviditeln\u00e9 bari\u00e9ry rozb\u00edt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Individu\u00e1ln\u00ed bari\u00e9ry jsou zpravidla na stran\u011b samotn\u00fdch \u017een (ale i mu\u017e\u016f, kte\u0159\u00ed rozhoduj\u00ed nap\u0159\u00edklad o tom, kdo bude na kandid\u00e1tn\u00ed listin\u011b a na jak\u00e9m m\u00edst\u011b) a vypl\u00fdvaj\u00ed ze spole\u010densk\u00fdch o\u010dek\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed a zvyklost\u00ed. Pat\u0159\u00ed sem nap\u0159\u00edklad ne\u00fam\u011brn\u011b v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed zat\u00ed\u017een\u00ed \u017een p\u00e9\u010d\u00ed o dom\u00e1cnost a z\u00e1visl\u00e9 osoby, ale tak\u00e9 men\u0161\u00ed motivace se o politiku zaj\u00edmat a aktivn\u011b se do n\u00ed zapojit, statisticky ni\u017e\u0161\u00ed sebev\u011bdom\u00ed \u017een \u010di neochota p\u016fsobit v p\u0159ev\u00e1\u017en\u011b mu\u017esk\u00e9m kolektivu. Spole\u010densk\u00e9 p\u0159ek\u00e1\u017eky jsou ovlivn\u011bny t\u00edm, jak\u00e9 role historicky pova\u017euje spole\u010dnost za vhodn\u00e9 pro \u017eeny a mu\u017ee. P\u0159\u00edkladem m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt dvoj\u00ed metr pro hodnocen\u00ed politick\u00e9ho p\u016fsoben\u00ed \u017een a mu\u017e\u016f, kdy \u017eeny musej\u00ed obh\u00e1jit nejen sv\u00e9 schopnosti a \u00fasp\u011bchy, ale v\u016fbec dokazovat, \u017ee do politiky pat\u0159\u00ed. Individu\u00e1ln\u00ed selh\u00e1n\u00ed konkr\u00e9tn\u00ed politi\u010dky pak b\u00fdv\u00e1 ve\u0159ejnost\u00ed d\u016fvodem kriticky hodnotit politick\u00e9 p\u016fsoben\u00ed \u017een jako\u017eto cel\u00e9 skupiny. S t\u00edm souvisej\u00ed i p\u0159edsudky o \u017een\u00e1ch a mu\u017e\u00edch, kter\u00e9 ve spole\u010dnosti st\u00e1le p\u0159etrv\u00e1vaj\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Mezi institucion\u00e1ln\u00ed p\u0159ek\u00e1\u017eky pak pat\u0159\u00ed celkov\u00e9 nastaven\u00ed fungov\u00e1n\u00ed politiky, volebn\u00ed syst\u00e9m a jeho parametry, syst\u00e9m nominac\u00ed a transparentnost nomina\u010dn\u00edch proces\u016f \u010di chyb\u011bj\u00edc\u00ed opat\u0159en\u00ed na podporu \u017een. Na rozd\u00edl od p\u0159edchoz\u00edch dvou typ\u016f p\u0159ek\u00e1\u017eek lze institucion\u00e1ln\u00ed bari\u00e9ry odstra\u0148ovat pom\u011brn\u011b rychle a jednodu\u0161e reviz\u00ed st\u00e1vaj\u00edc\u00edho syst\u00e9mu a proces\u016f a jejich p\u0159enastaven\u00ed tak, aby byl co nejotev\u0159en\u011bj\u0161\u00ed. P\u0159\u00edpadn\u011b i p\u0159ijet\u00edm nov\u00fdch opat\u0159en\u00ed vedouc\u00edch k narovn\u00e1n\u00ed historicky nevyv\u00e1\u017een\u00e9ho stavu. Kritick\u00fdm p\u0159edpokladem je v\u0161ak politick\u00e1 v\u016fle t\u00e9ma \u0159e\u0161it a ochota podp\u016frn\u00e1 opat\u0159en\u00ed (nap\u0159\u00edklad ve form\u011b kv\u00f3t pro \u017eeny a mu\u017ee na kandid\u00e1tn\u00edch listin\u00e1ch) p\u0159ij\u00edmat.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Jak ji\u017e bylo zm\u00edn\u011bno, nejspolehliv\u011bj\u0161\u00ed strategi\u00ed, jak vyrovn\u00e1vat zastoupen\u00ed \u017een a mu\u017e\u016f v politice, je zaveden\u00ed n\u011bjak\u00e9 formy kv\u00f3t. Kv\u00f3ty mohou b\u00fdt zavedeny dobrovoln\u011b na \u00farovni jednotliv\u00fdch stran (to je model typick\u00fd pro seversk\u00e9 st\u00e1ty) nebo zakotveny do legislativy (a\u0165 ji\u017e do \u00fastavy \u010di do z\u00e1kona). Vnitrostranick\u00e9 kv\u00f3ty maj\u00ed tu v\u00fdhodu, \u017ee si je strany mohou nastavit dle aktu\u00e1ln\u00edch pot\u0159eb a mo\u017enost\u00ed, \u010dasto v\u0161ak vn\u00edmaj\u00ed jejich zaveden\u00ed jako komplikaci a konkuren\u010dn\u00ed nev\u00fdhodu oproti stran\u00e1m, kter\u00e9 \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9 opat\u0159en\u00ed nevyu\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed. V sou\u010dasn\u00e9 dob\u011b jsou legislativn\u00ed kv\u00f3ty zavedeny ve 12 zem\u00edch EU-27, konkr\u00e9tn\u011b v Belgii, Francii, Chorvatsku, Irsku, It\u00e1lii, Lucembursku, Malt\u011b, Polsku, \u0158ecku, Portugalsku, Slovinsku a \u0160pan\u011blsku. Specifick\u00fdm p\u0159\u00edkladem je D\u00e1nsko, kter\u00e9 kv\u00f3ty pou\u017e\u00edvalo pouze do\u010dasn\u011b (\u0160princov\u00e1 a Mottlov\u00e1 2015, 3). Dle dat Meziparlamentn\u00ed unie maj\u00ed v\u0161echny tyto st\u00e1ty s v\u00fdjimkou Irska (tam nebyla 40% kv\u00f3ta v posledn\u00edch volb\u00e1ch v roce 2020 napln\u011bna) a \u0158ecka vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed zastoupen\u00ed \u017een v (doln\u00ed komo\u0159e) parlamentu ne\u017e \u010cesko.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>S v\u011bdom\u00edm toho, \u017ee kv\u00f3ty jsou osv\u011bd\u010den\u00fdm syst\u00e9mov\u00fdm \u0159e\u0161en\u00edm dlouhodob\u011b nevyrovnan\u00e9ho zastoupen\u00ed \u017een a mu\u017e\u016f v politice, se podobn\u00e9 n\u00e1vrhy v minulosti objevily i v \u010cesku. Jak shrnuje analytick\u00fd materi\u00e1l \u00da\u0159adu vl\u00e1dy \u010cR (2022), prvn\u00ed n\u00e1vrh byl p\u0159edlo\u017een v roce 2010 a stanovoval povinn\u00fd celkov\u00fd pod\u00edl 30 % jak \u017een, tak mu\u017e\u016f a z\u00e1rove\u0148 na prvn\u00edch dvou m\u00edstech by musela b\u00fdt zastoupena ob\u011b pohlav\u00ed. Druh\u00fd n\u00e1vrh z roku 2014 ji\u017e po\u010d\u00edtal s 40% zastoupen\u00edm obou pohlav\u00ed a z\u00e1rove\u0148 ur\u010doval, aby v prvn\u00ed trojici byla jedna osoba opa\u010dn\u00e9ho pohlav\u00ed. Ob\u011b \u00fapravy tedy zohled\u0148ovaly skute\u010dnost, \u017ee kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00e9 je o\u0161et\u0159en\u00ed nejen celkov\u00e9ho pod\u00edlu \u017een a mu\u017e\u016f, ale i jejich po\u0159ad\u00ed na kandid\u00e1tn\u00ed listin\u011b, jeliko\u017e, jak bylo uvedeno v\u00fd\u0161e, pr\u00e1v\u011b um\u00edst\u011bn\u00ed na kandid\u00e1tn\u00ed listin\u011b je zpravidla pro p\u0159id\u011blov\u00e1n\u00ed mand\u00e1tu kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>D\u016fle\u017eit\u00fdm aspektem je i vymahatelnost a sankce za nedodr\u017een\u00ed dan\u00e9ho pravidla. Nejp\u0159\u00edsn\u011bj\u0161\u00edm postihem je odm\u00edtnut\u00ed registrace kandid\u00e1tn\u00ed listiny, dokud nedojde k n\u00e1prav\u011b, m\u00edrn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed formou je pak sn\u00ed\u017een\u00ed finan\u010dn\u00edho p\u0159\u00edsp\u011bvku \u010di naopak finan\u010dn\u00ed bonus za vyrovnan\u00e9 nominace (\u0160princov\u00e1 a Mottlov\u00e1 2015, 17). Spole\u010densk\u00e9 p\u0159ek\u00e1\u017eky v\u0161ak lze odstra\u0148ovat jen st\u011b\u017e\u00ed a pomalu, jeliko\u017e souvisej\u00ed s celkov\u00fdm nastaven\u00edm spole\u010dnosti a p\u0159etrv\u00e1vaj\u00edc\u00edmi p\u0159edstavami o \u201espr\u00e1vn\u00e9\u201c roli \u017een a mu\u017e\u016f ve spole\u010dnosti. Pomoci tak m\u016f\u017ee snaha o odstra\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00ed individu\u00e1ln\u00edch bari\u00e9r, prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm \u201em\u011bkk\u00fdch\u201c opat\u0159en\u00ed, kter\u00e1 \u010dasto doprov\u00e1zej\u00ed ta \u201etvrd\u00e1\u201c ve form\u011b kv\u00f3t (\u00da\u0159ad vl\u00e1dy 2022, 18). Strany a hnut\u00ed, kter\u00e1 tato opat\u0159en\u00ed aktivn\u011b zav\u00e1d\u011bj\u00ed, si uv\u011bdomuj\u00ed, \u017ee jde o jedinou efektivn\u00ed a dlouhodob\u011b udr\u017eitelnou cestu k napl\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00ed po\u010detn\u00edch kv\u00f3t, kter\u00e9 nem\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt \u00fasp\u011b\u0161n\u00e9 v situaci, kdy by byly napl\u0148ov\u00e1ny jen form\u00e1ln\u011b a mechanicky. Kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00fdm aspektem je motivace \u017een ke vstupu do politiky (nap\u0159. c\u00edlen\u00e1 n\u00e1borov\u00e1 kampa\u0148) a podpora v jejich politick\u00e9m p\u016fsoben\u00ed. Ta m\u016f\u017ee m\u00edt \u0159adu podob a je vhodn\u00e9 \u017een\u00e1m nab\u00eddnout \u0161k\u00e1lu r\u016fzn\u00fdch forem podpory.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Strany a hnut\u00ed tak mohou \u017een\u00e1m nab\u00edzet vzd\u011bl\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed v r\u016fzn\u00fdch oblastech dle aktu\u00e1ln\u00edch pot\u0159eb. P\u0159\u00edkladem v t\u00e9to oblasti je Volebn\u00ed akademie \u017een, kterou pro sv\u00e9 \u010dlenky a p\u0159\u00edznivkyn\u011b organizuje KDU\u010cSL (\u0160princov\u00e1 2022, 21). Obl\u00edbenou formou podpory je i mentoring, kter\u00fd usnad\u0148uje podporu a p\u0159enos zku\u0161enost\u00ed mezi slu\u017eebn\u011b star\u0161\u00edmi a za\u010d\u00ednaj\u00edc\u00edmi politi\u010dkami. D\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 je tak\u00e9 vytv\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed bezpe\u010dn\u00e9ho prostoru pro sd\u00edlen\u00ed zku\u0161enost\u00ed, co\u017e se d\u011bje nej\u010dast\u011bji formou organizace s\u00ed\u0165ovac\u00edch setk\u00e1n\u00ed (podrobn\u011bji \u0160princov\u00e1 a Mottlov\u00e1 2015). Konkr\u00e9tn\u00ed opat\u0159en\u00ed vych\u00e1zej\u00edc\u00ed z \u010desk\u00fdch i zahrani\u010dn\u00edch zku\u0161enost\u00ed shrnuje nap\u0159\u00edklad manu\u00e1l 15 tip\u016f, jak podpo\u0159it \u017eeny uvnit\u0159 politick\u00fdch stran a hnut\u00ed (\u0160princov\u00e1 2022). D\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 je, aby za podporu prosazov\u00e1n\u00ed vyrovnan\u00e9ho zastoupen\u00ed \u017een a mu\u017e\u016f ve stran\u00e1ch a pota\u017emo i v zastupitelsk\u00fdch a exekutivn\u00edch org\u00e1nech, nesl n\u011bkdo zodpov\u011bdnost. Kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00e1 je proto role \u017eensk\u00fdch platforem \u010di sdru\u017een\u00ed, kter\u00e1 poskytuj\u00ed \u017een\u00e1m podporu, pod\u00edlej\u00ed se na formulaci konkr\u00e9tn\u00edch politik.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Z\u00e1v\u011brem lze konstatovat, \u017ee p\u0159es \u0159adu prom\u011bn, kter\u00fdmi \u010desk\u00e1 politick\u00e1 sc\u00e9na v posledn\u00edch desetilet\u00edch pro\u0161la, z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1 ot\u00e1zka zastoupen\u00ed \u017een st\u00e1le aktu\u00e1ln\u00ed. Data a anal\u00fdzy dokl\u00e1daj\u00ed, \u017ee postaven\u00ed \u017een a mu\u017e\u016f v politice st\u00e1le nen\u00ed rovn\u00e9. Hlavn\u00edm probl\u00e9mem jsou p\u0159etrv\u00e1vaj\u00edc\u00ed bari\u00e9ry, kter\u00e9 \u017een\u00e1m komplikuj\u00ed vstup do politiky i p\u016fsoben\u00ed v n\u00ed. Vedle snahy odstranit tyto p\u0159ek\u00e1\u017eky je v\u0161ak tak\u00e9 pot\u0159eba zd\u016fraz\u0148ovat, \u017ee zastoupen\u00ed \u017een v politice je kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00fdm aspektem zdrav\u011b funguj\u00edc\u00ed demokracie. Politick\u00e9 strany a dal\u0161\u00ed instituce maj\u00ed p\u0159ed sebou velk\u00fd \u00fakol v podob\u011b vytv\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed otev\u0159en\u011bj\u0161\u00ed a spravedliv\u011bj\u0161\u00ed politick\u00e9 kultury a proces\u016f. Zastoupen\u00ed \u017een v politice by toti\u017e nem\u011blo b\u00fdt z\u00e1visl\u00e9 pouze na n\u00e1hod\u011b \u010di moment\u00e1ln\u00edch trendech, ale m\u011blo by b\u00fdt v\u00fdsledkem systematick\u00fdch snah o narovn\u00e1n\u00ed postaven\u00ed \u017een a mu\u017e\u016f. Jen tak m\u016f\u017eeme dos\u00e1hnout skute\u010dn\u00e9 rovnosti a demokratick\u00e9 reprezentace na v\u0161ech \u00farovn\u00edch politick\u00e9ho rozhodov\u00e1n\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Doporu\u010den\u00ed:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>N\u00edzk\u00e9 zastoupen\u00ed \u017een v politice je syst\u00e9mov\u00fdm probl\u00e9mem, proto tak\u00e9 vy\u017eaduje syst\u00e9mov\u00e9 \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed, a to jak na stran\u011b st\u00e1tu, tak v politick\u00fdch stran\u00e1ch.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Kr\u00e1tkodob\u00e1 doporu\u010den\u00ed<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Schv\u00e1lit novelu volebn\u00edho z\u00e1kona zaji\u0161\u0165uj\u00edc\u00ed vyrovnan\u00e9 zastoupen\u00ed \u017een a mu\u017e\u016f na kandid\u00e1tn\u00edch listin\u00e1ch. Aby tato novela byla \u00fa\u010dinn\u00e1, je pot\u0159eba: 1) ur\u010dit po\u0159ad\u00ed \u017een\/mu\u017e\u016f na p\u0159edn\u00edch m\u00edstech kandid\u00e1tn\u00edch listin, 2) nastavit \u00fa\u010dinn\u00e9 sankce za nedodr\u017een\u00ed pravidla.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Schv\u00e1lit a dodr\u017eovat kv\u00f3ty uvnit\u0159 politick\u00fdch stran.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Podpo\u0159it vznik a fungov\u00e1n\u00ed \u017eensk\u00fdch organizac\u00ed a platforem uvnit\u0159 politick\u00fdch stran.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>St\u0159edn\u011bdob\u00e1 a\u017e dlouhodob\u00e1 doporu\u010den\u00ed<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Zav\u00e9st d\u016fsledn\u00fd systematick\u00fd monitoring zastoupen\u00ed \u017een v politice (kvantitativn\u00ed i kvalitativn\u00ed) nap\u0159\u00ed\u010d v\u0161emi \u00farovn\u011bmi rozhodov\u00e1n\u00ed. Navrhov\u00e1n\u00ed vhodn\u00fdch opat\u0159en\u00ed a jejich aktualizace v n\u00e1vaznosti na aktu\u00e1ln\u00ed v\u00fdvoj.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Zav\u00e9st podp\u016frn\u00e1 opat\u0159en\u00ed uvnit\u0159 politick\u00fdch stran s ohledem na konkr\u00e9tn\u00ed situaci.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Rozv\u00edjet nadstranickou spolupr\u00e1ci \u017eensk\u00fdch organizac\u00ed a platforem.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Financovat aktivity v t\u00e9to oblasti a podpo\u0159it spolupr\u00e1ci st\u00e1tu i politick\u00fdch stran s odbornou ve\u0159ejnost\u00ed (akademick\u00fdmi pracovi\u0161ti i ob\u010dansk\u00fdm sektorem<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/top-az.eu\/sprincova-zeny-v-ceske-politice\/#_ftnref1\">[1]<\/a>&nbsp;V roce 2005 byla ustavena \u010dist\u011b \u017eensk\u00e1 strana s n\u00e1zvem Strana Rovnost \u0160anc\u00ed (SR\u0160). Inici\u00e1torkami jej\u00edho vzniku byly \u017eeny z kulturn\u00ed oblasti (novin\u00e1\u0159ka Zde\u0148ka Ulmannov\u00e1 a dokumentaristka Olga Sommerov\u00e1) (Raku\u0161anov\u00e1 2006, 38). Na ja\u0159e 2006 se SR\u0160 rozhodla kandidovat do Poslaneck\u00e9 sn\u011bmovny Parlamentu \u010cR a vyzvala \u017eeny, aby za ni kandidovaly. Dle dat \u010cesk\u00e9ho statistick\u00e9ho \u00fa\u0159adu zve\u0159ejn\u011bn\u00fdch na www.volby.cz strana kandidovala ve v\u0161ech \u010desk\u00fdch kraj\u00edch a do voleb vyslala celkem 77 \u017een. Z\u00edskala celkem 10 879 hlas\u016f, co\u017e znamenalo volebn\u00ed zisk 0,2 % v\u0161ech platn\u00fdch hlas\u016f. \u0160ir\u0161\u00edmu kontextu fenom\u00e9nu \u201e\u017eensk\u00fdch\u201c stran a programov\u00e9mu zam\u011b\u0159en\u00ed SR\u0160 se v t\u00fdden\u00edku A2 v\u011bnovaly Iva Baslarov\u00e1 a Blanka Nyklov\u00e1 (2007). V lednu 2008 p\u0159inesla \u010cesk\u00e1 televize zpr\u00e1vu, \u017ee stran\u011b byla soudem pozastavena \u010dinnost (\u010cT24 2008).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Cel\u00fd text kapitoly ve verzi ke sta\u017een\u00ed naleznete zde: <a href=\"http:\/\/&lt;div class=&quot;_3d-flip-book  fb3d-fullscreen-mode full-size&quot; data-id=&quot;&quot;21342&quot;&quot; data-mode=&quot;fullscreen&quot; data-title=&quot;false&quot; data-template=&quot;short-white-book-view&quot; data-lightbox=&quot;dark-shadow&quot; data-urlparam=&quot;fb3d-page&quot; data-page-n=&quot;0&quot; data-pdf=&quot;&quot; data-tax=&quot;null&quot; data-thumbnail=&quot;&quot; data-cols=&quot;3&quot; data-book-template=&quot;default&quot; data-trigger=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;script type=&quot;text\/javascript&quot;&gt;window.FB3D_CLIENT_DATA = window.FB3D_CLIENT_DATA || [];FB3D_CLIENT_DATA.push(&#039;eyJwb3N0cyI6W10sInBhZ2VzIjpbXSwiZmlyc3RQYWdlcyI6W119&#039;);window.FB3D_CLIENT_LOCALE &amp;&amp; FB3D_CLIENT_LOCALE.render &amp;&amp; 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Jednou z nejv\u00fdrazn\u011bj\u0161\u00edch oblast\u00ed je zastoupen\u00ed \u017een ve ve\u0159ejn\u00e9m \u017eivot\u011b. \u010cesko je [&hellip;]<\/p>","protected":false},"author":8,"featured_media":20843,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[5,4],"tags":[142,141,94,140],"class_list":["post-20842","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-aktuality","category-publikace","tag-bezpecna-budoucnost","tag-rovnost-zen-a-muzu","tag-stredni-evropa","tag-veronika-sprincova"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/thinktopaz.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/20842","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/thinktopaz.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/thinktopaz.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/thinktopaz.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/8"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/thinktopaz.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=20842"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/thinktopaz.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/20842\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":21343,"href":"https:\/\/thinktopaz.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/20842\/revisions\/21343"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/thinktopaz.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/20843"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/thinktopaz.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=20842"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/thinktopaz.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=20842"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/thinktopaz.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=20842"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}