{"id":22368,"date":"2026-08-03T11:19:48","date_gmt":"2026-08-03T09:19:48","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/thinktopaz.cz\/?p=22368"},"modified":"2026-08-03T11:28:22","modified_gmt":"2026-08-03T09:28:22","slug":"peter-hefele-a-george-dimakos-model-totalni-obrany-pouceni-pro-civilne-vojenskou-pripravenost-v-demokraticke-evrope","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/thinktopaz.cz\/en\/2026\/08\/03\/peter-hefele-a-george-dimakos-model-totalni-obrany-pouceni-pro-civilne-vojenskou-pripravenost-v-demokraticke-evrope\/","title":{"rendered":"Peter Hefele a George Dimakos: Model tot\u00e1ln\u00ed obrany: pou\u010den\u00ed pro civiln\u011b-vojenskou p\u0159ipravenost v demokratick\u00e9 Evrop\u011b"},"content":{"rendered":"<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Shrnut\u00ed<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Tento \u010dl\u00e1nek zkoum\u00e1, jak m\u016f\u017ee koncept tot\u00e1ln\u00ed obrany pos\u00edlit civiln\u011b-vojenskou p\u0159ipravenost v Evrop\u011b. Vych\u00e1z\u00ed z teze, \u017ee zhor\u0161uj\u00edc\u00ed se bezpe\u010dnostn\u00ed prost\u0159ed\u00ed formovan\u00e9 ruskou v\u00e1lkou proti Ukrajin\u011b, hybridn\u00edmi hrozbami, kybernetick\u00fdmi \u00fatoky, dezinformacemi a p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00edmi katastrofami odhalilo slabiny tradi\u010dn\u00edch syst\u00e9m\u016f krizov\u00e9ho \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Tot\u00e1ln\u00ed obrana se proto znovu prosazuje jako r\u00e1mec, kter\u00fd integruje vojensk\u00e9 kapacity, civiln\u00ed instituce, akt\u00e9ry soukrom\u00e9ho sektoru a spole\u010denskou odolnost.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Auto\u0159i navrhuj\u00ed \u010dty\u0159vrstv\u00fd analytick\u00fd r\u00e1mec zahrnuj\u00edc\u00ed strategickou, spr\u00e1vn\u00ed, opera\u010dn\u00ed a spole\u010denskou rovinu a jako nejvysp\u011blej\u0161\u00ed referen\u010dn\u00ed p\u0159\u00edpady porovn\u00e1vaj\u00ed \u0160v\u00e9dsko a Finsko. Tyto dv\u011b zem\u011b p\u0159edstavuj\u00ed pokro\u010dil\u00e9 modely, v nich\u017e je tot\u00e1ln\u00ed obrana zakotvena v dlouhodob\u00e9 strategii, podpo\u0159ena jasn\u00fdmi pr\u00e1vn\u00edmi r\u00e1mci, pravideln\u00fdmi cvi\u010den\u00edmi, silnou ve\u0159ejno-soukromou spoluprac\u00ed a vysokou m\u00edrou spole\u010densk\u00e9 d\u016fv\u011bry i ob\u010dansk\u00e9 p\u0159ipravenosti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0158ecko naproti tomu disponuje silnou vojenskou p\u0159ipravenost\u00ed, av\u0161ak dosud mu chyb\u00ed pln\u011b integrovan\u00fd model tot\u00e1ln\u00ed obrany. Jeho syst\u00e9m p\u0159ipravenosti podobn\u011b jako v mnoha jin\u00fdch evropsk\u00fdch zem\u00edch z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1 sp\u00ed\u0161e reaktivn\u00ed, krizemi podm\u00edn\u011bn\u00fd a fragmentovan\u00fd, s omezenou koordinac\u00ed mezi civiln\u00edmi sektory a slabou \u00fa\u010dast\u00ed \u0161ir\u0161\u00ed spole\u010dnosti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Srovn\u00e1vac\u00ed anal\u00fdza ukazuje, \u017ee \u00fasp\u011bch tot\u00e1ln\u00ed obrany z\u00e1vis\u00ed m\u00e9n\u011b na samotn\u00e9m vn\u00edm\u00e1n\u00ed hrozeb ne\u017e na institucion\u00e1ln\u00ed soudr\u017enosti, jasn\u00e9m vymezen\u00ed odpov\u011bdnost\u00ed, demokratick\u00e9 legitimit\u011b a ve\u0159ejn\u00e9 d\u016fv\u011b\u0159e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00fdm z\u00e1v\u011brem je, \u017ee p\u0159ipravenost cel\u00e9 spole\u010dnosti mus\u00ed b\u00fdt pevn\u011b zakotvena v ka\u017edodenn\u00edm vl\u00e1dnut\u00ed, a to p\u0159i zachov\u00e1n\u00ed d\u016fsledn\u00e9 demokratick\u00e9 kontroly.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00e1 slova:<\/strong> obrana, civiln\u011b-vojensk\u00e1 p\u0159ipravenost, spole\u010densk\u00e1 odolnost, hybridn\u00ed hrozby, \u0160v\u00e9dsko, Finsko, \u0158ecko<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u00davod<\/strong><\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Evropsk\u00e9 bezpe\u010dnostn\u00ed prost\u0159ed\u00ed snad od druh\u00e9 sv\u011btov\u00e9 v\u00e1lky nepro\u0161lo hlub\u0161\u00ed prom\u011bnou ne\u017e v posledn\u00edch \u010dty\u0159ech letech. Plnohodnotn\u00e1 rusk\u00e1 invaze na Ukrajinu v roce 2022, p\u0159etrv\u00e1vaj\u00edc\u00ed hybridn\u00ed operace zam\u011b\u0159en\u00e9 proti evropsk\u00e9 infrastruktu\u0159e a demokratick\u00fdm proces\u016fm a st\u00e1le \u010dast\u011bj\u0161\u00ed p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00ed katastrofy odhalily rostouc\u00ed k\u0159ehkost evropsk\u00fdch spole\u010dnost\u00ed. Kr\u00e1tkodob\u00e9 i dlouhodob\u00e9 krize uk\u00e1zaly limity tradi\u010dn\u00edch syst\u00e9m\u016f krizov\u00e9ho \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed a odhalily, jak nep\u0159ipraveni jsou st\u00e1tn\u00ed i soukrom\u00ed akt\u00e9\u0159i \u010delit tradi\u010dn\u00edm, av\u0161ak st\u00e1le nov\u011bji se prom\u011b\u0148uj\u00edc\u00edm hrozb\u00e1m, kter\u00e9 zasahuj\u00ed v\u0161echny subsyst\u00e9my spole\u010dnosti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">V tomto prom\u011b\u0148uj\u00edc\u00edm se rizikov\u00e9m prost\u0159ed\u00ed se po desetilet\u00edch zapomn\u011bn\u00ed, je\u017e n\u00e1sledovala po konci studen\u00e9 v\u00e1lky, znovu dost\u00e1v\u00e1 do st\u0159edu politick\u00e9 pozornosti koncept tot\u00e1ln\u00ed obrany. My\u0161lenka tot\u00e1ln\u00ed obrany si p\u0159itom klade za c\u00edl pos\u00edlit schopnosti cel\u00e9 spole\u010dnosti prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm integrace civiln\u00edch kapacit, vojensk\u00fdch struktur a spole\u010densk\u00e9 odolnosti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Tento koncept, dlouhodob\u011b institucion\u00e1ln\u011b zakotven\u00fd v seversk\u00fdch st\u00e1tech, ve \u0160v\u00fdcarsku a v n\u011bkolika pobaltsk\u00fdch zem\u00edch, se nyn\u00ed \u0161\u00ed\u0159\u00ed i do politick\u00fdch debat ve st\u0159edn\u00ed a ji\u017en\u00ed Evrop\u011b, kde je za\u010dle\u0148ov\u00e1n do nov\u00fdch a efektivn\u00edch model\u016f odolnosti. Tyto snahy zahrnuj\u00ed zaji\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed kontinuity demokratick\u00e9ho vl\u00e1dnut\u00ed, ochranu kritick\u00fdch spole\u010densk\u00fdch funkc\u00ed v z\u00e1t\u011b\u017eov\u00fdch situac\u00edch a podporu spolupr\u00e1ce mezi st\u00e1tem a soukrom\u00fdm sektorem (Rongved, 2025; Lazarou a Politis Lamprou, 2025).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">V politick\u00e9 i spole\u010densk\u00e9 sf\u00e9\u0159e existuje \u0161irok\u00fd konsensus, \u017ee sou\u010dasn\u00e9 hrozby maj\u00ed multidimenzion\u00e1ln\u00ed povahu a \u017ee jejich \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed vy\u017eaduje p\u0159\u00edstupy a n\u00e1stroje p\u0159esahuj\u00edc\u00ed r\u00e1mec pouh\u00e9ho spol\u00e9h\u00e1n\u00ed na vojensk\u00e9 prost\u0159edky. Kybernetick\u00e9 \u00fatoky, dezinforma\u010dn\u00ed kampan\u011b, naru\u0161en\u00ed dod\u00e1vek energie, pandemie a p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00ed katastrofy ukazuj\u00ed, \u017ee spole\u010densk\u00e1 odolnost je pro bezpe\u010dnost stejn\u011b z\u00e1sadn\u00ed jako tradi\u010dn\u00ed obrann\u00e9 kapacity.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ned\u00e1vn\u00e9 iniciativy EU v\u010detn\u011b <strong>Strategick\u00e9ho kompasu<\/strong> (Rada Evropsk\u00e9 unie) a <strong>Strategie hybridn\u00ed odolnosti<\/strong> (European Commission \u2013 Joint Research Centre, 2025) tuto skute\u010dnost potvrzuj\u00ed: civiln\u011b-vojensk\u00e1 spolupr\u00e1ce, robustn\u00ed ochrana kritick\u00e9 infrastruktury, bezpe\u010dn\u00e9 dodavatelsk\u00e9 \u0159et\u011bzce a informovan\u00e1 a mobilizovan\u00e1 populace p\u0159edstavuj\u00ed kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00e9 pil\u00ed\u0159e evropsk\u00e9 bezpe\u010dnosti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Koncept tot\u00e1ln\u00ed obrany poskytuje pro tyto po\u017eadavky koncep\u010dn\u00ed r\u00e1mec, jeho interpretace a implementace se v\u0161ak mezi \u010dlensk\u00fdmi st\u00e1ty v\u00fdrazn\u011b li\u0161\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Tato kapitola p\u0159edstavuje koncep\u010dn\u00ed r\u00e1mec pro anal\u00fdzu sou\u010dasn\u00e9ho stavu a pl\u00e1n\u016f v oblasti tot\u00e1ln\u00ed obrany ve vybran\u00fdch evropsk\u00fdch \u010dlensk\u00fdch st\u00e1tech. Jako referen\u010dn\u00ed body vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 v\u00fd\u0161e uveden\u00e9 koncepty Evropsk\u00e9 unie a seversk\u00fdch zem\u00ed, zejm\u00e9na \u0160v\u00e9dska a Finska, kter\u00e9 jsou v tomto ohledu nejrozvinut\u011bj\u0161\u00ed. N\u00e1sledn\u011b se zam\u011b\u0159uje na p\u0159\u00edpad \u0158ecka. Toto srovn\u00e1n\u00ed ilustruje jak dosavadn\u00ed pokrok, tak limity implementace tot\u00e1ln\u00ed obrany v r\u016fzn\u00fdch demokratick\u00fdch kontextech.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Koncept tot\u00e1ln\u00ed obrany<\/strong><\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Abychom mohli l\u00e9pe uchopit tak komplexn\u00ed fenom\u00e9n, jak\u00fdm je tot\u00e1ln\u00ed obrana, m\u016f\u017eeme rozli\u0161it \u010dty\u0159i analytick\u00e9 roviny: <strong>strategickou, spr\u00e1vn\u00ed, opera\u010dn\u00ed a spole\u010denskou.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Strategick\u00e1 rovina: sd\u00edlen\u00ed spole\u010dn\u00e9 perspektivy<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Mezi \u010dlensk\u00fdmi st\u00e1ty existuj\u00ed rozd\u00edln\u00e1 pojet\u00ed vztahu mezi vojenskou obranou, odolnost\u00ed a civiln\u00ed ochranou a toho, jak jsou tyto oblasti integrov\u00e1ny na strategick\u00e9 \u00farovni.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Jak ukazuj\u00ed p\u0159\u00edklady seversk\u00fdch zem\u00ed, jak\u00e1koli \u00fasp\u011b\u0161n\u00e1 implementace v z\u00e1sad\u011b z\u00e1vis\u00ed na sd\u00edlen\u00e9m vn\u00edm\u00e1n\u00ed hrozeb, na politick\u00e9 kultu\u0159e orientovan\u00e9 na konsensus a na m\u00ed\u0159e bezprost\u0159edn\u00edho vystaven\u00ed region\u00e1ln\u00edm \u010di geopolitick\u00fdm rizik\u016fm.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">V jin\u00fdch \u010dlensk\u00fdch st\u00e1tech je tot\u00e1ln\u00ed obrana m\u00e9n\u011b komplexn\u011b pojat\u00e1 a \u010dasto se omezuje na posilov\u00e1n\u00ed civiln\u00ed ochrany, zlep\u0161ov\u00e1n\u00ed krizov\u00e9 koordinace nebo zkvalit\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00ed spolupr\u00e1ce mezi civiln\u00edmi org\u00e1ny a ozbrojen\u00fdmi silami (Engberg, 2025).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Spr\u00e1va a \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed: mezi centralizac\u00ed a s\u00edt\u011bmi<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Tyto strategick\u00e9 rozd\u00edly se v r\u00e1mci Evropsk\u00e9 unie odr\u00e1\u017eej\u00ed v \u0161irok\u00e9 \u0161k\u00e1le mechanism\u016f spr\u00e1vy a \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed, od vysoce centralizovan\u00fdch st\u00e1tn\u00edch struktur a\u017e po decentralizovan\u00e9 a s\u00ed\u0165ov\u011b orientovan\u00e9 modely.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Pr\u00e1vn\u00ed r\u00e1mce a integrovan\u00e9 procesy pl\u00e1nov\u00e1n\u00ed a koordinace ur\u010duj\u00ed skute\u010dnou \u00farove\u0148 civiln\u011b-vojensk\u00e9 p\u0159ipravenosti i odpov\u011bdnosti st\u00e1tn\u00edch instituc\u00ed a soukrom\u00fdch akt\u00e9r\u016f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Navzdory soustavn\u00e9mu \u00fasil\u00ed EU a NATO, nap\u0159\u00edklad prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm Mechanismu civiln\u00ed ochrany EU (European Commission, 2025) a z\u00e1kladn\u00edch po\u017eadavk\u016f NATO na n\u00e1rodn\u00ed odolnost (Hoogensen Gj\u00f8rv a Holshek, 2025), v Evrop\u011b nad\u00e1le p\u0159etrv\u00e1v\u00e1 zna\u010dn\u00e1 rozt\u0159\u00ed\u0161t\u011bnost v tom, jak jsou odpov\u011bdnosti rozd\u011blov\u00e1ny a vykon\u00e1v\u00e1ny jednotliv\u00fdmi resorty, region\u00e1ln\u00edmi a m\u00edstn\u00edmi org\u00e1ny a soukrom\u00fdm sektorem.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Opera\u010dn\u00ed rovina: budov\u00e1n\u00ed p\u0159ipravenosti<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Opera\u010dn\u00ed dimenze \u010din\u00ed celou problematiku je\u0161t\u011b slo\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00ed a rozmanit\u011bj\u0161\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Tot\u00e1ln\u00ed obrana zahrnuje ochranu \u017eivotn\u011b d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 infrastruktury, kybernetickou odolnost, strategickou komunikaci, kontinuitu dodavatelsk\u00fdch \u0159et\u011bzc\u016f, v\u00fdcvik a cvi\u010den\u00ed i opat\u0159en\u00ed zam\u011b\u0159en\u00e1 na p\u0159ipravenost obyvatelstva, \u010d\u00edm\u017e roz\u0161i\u0159uje samotn\u00e9 vymezen\u00ed p\u0159ipravenosti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">V sou\u010dasnosti \u0159ada evropsk\u00fdch st\u00e1t\u016f p\u0159ehodnocuje nebo znovu o\u017eivuje kapacity v\u010dasn\u00e9ho varov\u00e1n\u00ed, pl\u00e1ny ukryt\u00ed a evakuace, dobrovolnick\u00e9 s\u00edt\u011b a syst\u00e9my vytv\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed z\u00e1sob.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Vzhledem k v\u00fdznamn\u00e9mu zapojen\u00ed akt\u00e9r\u016f soukrom\u00e9ho sektoru, kte\u0159\u00ed provozuj\u00ed podstatnou \u010d\u00e1st evropsk\u00e9 \u017eivotn\u011b d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 infrastruktury, jsou zapot\u0159eb\u00ed nov\u00e9 formy ve\u0159ejn\u011b-soukrom\u00e9 spolupr\u00e1ce, sd\u00edlen\u00ed informac\u00ed a spole\u010dn\u00e9ho krizov\u00e9ho pl\u00e1nov\u00e1n\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Spole\u010densk\u00e1 rovina: d\u016fv\u011bra a legitimita<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">V demokratick\u00fdch spole\u010dnostech m\u00e1 spole\u010densk\u00e1 dimenze pro jak\u00fdkoli p\u0159\u00edstup k obran\u011b z\u00e1sadn\u00ed v\u00fdznam. D\u016fv\u011bra ve\u0159ejnosti v instituce, postoje k \u00faloze arm\u00e1dy, ob\u010dansk\u00e1 anga\u017eovanost i kulturn\u011b podm\u00edn\u011bn\u00e9 postoje utv\u00e1\u0159ej\u00ed legitimitu a efektivitu odolnosti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Zat\u00edmco seversk\u00e9 spole\u010dnosti vykazuj\u00ed vysokou m\u00edru ve\u0159ejn\u00e9 participace a akceptace odpov\u011bdnosti za p\u0159ipravenost, jin\u00e9 evropsk\u00e9 spole\u010dnosti v\u016f\u010di takov\u00fdm o\u010dek\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00edm st\u00e1le z\u016fst\u00e1vaj\u00ed skeptick\u00e9 (EuroNews, 2024).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Sou\u010dasn\u011b plat\u00ed, \u017ee p\u0159i prosazov\u00e1n\u00ed koncept\u016f tot\u00e1ln\u00ed obrany mus\u00ed b\u00fdt v\u0161echna opat\u0159en\u00ed pevn\u011b zakotvena v demokratick\u00fdch norm\u00e1ch, jako jsou civiln\u00ed kontrola, proporcionalita, transparentnost a ochrana z\u00e1kladn\u00edch pr\u00e1v, jako\u017eto p\u0159edpoklad budov\u00e1n\u00ed udr\u017eiteln\u00e9 odolnosti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Metodologick\u00e1 pozn\u00e1mka a v\u00fdb\u011br p\u0159\u00edpadov\u00fdch studi\u00ed<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Na\u0161e anal\u00fdza je uspo\u0159\u00e1d\u00e1na kolem \u010dty\u0159vrstevn\u00e9ho r\u00e1mce a vych\u00e1z\u00ed z vybran\u00fdch p\u0159\u00edpadov\u00fdch studi\u00ed \u010dlensk\u00fdch st\u00e1t\u016f EU.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0160v\u00e9dsko a Finsko jsou zkoum\u00e1ny spole\u010dn\u011b jako referen\u010dn\u00ed p\u0159\u00edpady vzhledem k tomu, \u017ee:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>disponuj\u00ed institucionalizovan\u00fdmi modely tot\u00e1ln\u00ed obrany,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>jsou zakotveny v jejich demokratick\u00fdch syst\u00e9mech.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Druhou p\u0159\u00edpadovou studi\u00ed je \u0158ecko, kter\u00e9 analyzujeme jako p\u0159\u00edpad adaptace.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Anal\u00fdza vych\u00e1z\u00ed z ofici\u00e1ln\u00edch strategi\u00ed, pr\u00e1vn\u00edch r\u00e1mc\u016f, institucion\u00e1ln\u00edch uspo\u0159\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed a ve\u0159ejn\u011b dostupn\u00fdch politick\u00fdch dokument\u016f. C\u00edlem je identifikovat rozli\u0161uj\u00edc\u00ed znaky a uk\u00e1zat jak p\u0159enositelnost, tak limity konceptu tot\u00e1ln\u00ed obrany v r\u016fzn\u00fdch demokratick\u00fdch kontextech.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Referen\u010dn\u00ed p\u0159\u00edpady: \u0160v\u00e9dsko a Finsko<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Strategick\u00e1 rovina<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ve \u0160v\u00e9dsku a Finsku p\u0159edstavuje tot\u00e1ln\u00ed obrana \u00fast\u0159edn\u00ed organiza\u010dn\u00ed princip n\u00e1rodn\u00ed bezpe\u010dnosti, nebo\u0165 ob\u011b zem\u011b ji koncipuj\u00ed jako trval\u00fd c\u00edl st\u00e1tu, kter\u00fd se vztahuje jak na obdob\u00ed m\u00edru, tak na krizi, a od krize a\u017e po v\u00e1le\u010dn\u00fd stav.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Tato strategick\u00e1 kontinuita se odr\u00e1\u017e\u00ed v tom, \u017ee c\u00edle tot\u00e1ln\u00ed obrany jsou zakotveny ve v\u00edcelet\u00fdch parlamentn\u00edch obrann\u00fdch usnesen\u00edch a bezpe\u010dnostn\u00edch strategi\u00edch, kter\u00e9 v\u00fdrazn\u011b p\u0159esahuj\u00ed volebn\u00ed cykly, a t\u00edm posiluj\u00ed institucion\u00e1ln\u00ed vlastnictv\u00ed tohoto konceptu (Government Offices of Sweden, 2024; Security Committee of Finland, 2022; Prime Minister\u2019s Office of Finland, 2023; Engberg, 2025).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Krom\u011b toho je vn\u00edm\u00e1n\u00ed hrozeb sd\u00edleno nap\u0159\u00ed\u010d politick\u00fdm spektrem i institucion\u00e1ln\u00edm prost\u0159ed\u00edm obou zem\u00ed, co\u017e poskytuje nezbytn\u00fd politick\u00fd konsensus. Tento konsensus je kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00fd pro kontinuitu politiky i pro to, aby ji ve\u0159ejnost vn\u00edmala jako vlastn\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Nejnov\u011bj\u0161\u00ed \u00fadaje nav\u00edc ukazuj\u00ed, \u017ee ve\u0159ejnost do zna\u010dn\u00e9 m\u00edry sd\u00edl\u00ed institucion\u00e1ln\u00ed pohled, podle n\u011bho\u017e p\u0159edstavuje hlavn\u00ed bezpe\u010dnostn\u00ed hrozbu pro ob\u011b zem\u011b Rusko (a do ur\u010dit\u00e9 m\u00edry tak\u00e9 \u010c\u00edna a \u00cdr\u00e1n) (European Security After Ukraine: Public Opinion Survey, 2023\u20132024; NATO Public Opinion Survey, 2023).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Vojensk\u00e9 i civiln\u00ed slo\u017eky akceptuj\u00ed nutnost setrv\u00e1vat trvale ve stavu p\u0159ipravenosti a pot\u0159ebu, aby politiky byly proaktivn\u00ed, nikoli reaktivn\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Tato strategick\u00e1 jasnost vytv\u00e1\u0159\u00ed stabiln\u00ed referen\u010dn\u00ed bod pro institucion\u00e1ln\u00ed uspo\u0159\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed, opera\u010dn\u00ed pl\u00e1nov\u00e1n\u00ed i zapojen\u00ed spole\u010dnosti a odli\u0161uje seversk\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edstupy od krizov\u011b \u0159\u00edzen\u00fdch model\u016f, kter\u00e9 up\u0159ednost\u0148uj\u00ed kr\u00e1tkodob\u00e9 reakce p\u0159ed syst\u00e9movou, dop\u0159edu orientovanou odolnost\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Spr\u00e1vn\u00ed rovina<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Struktury spr\u00e1vy a \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed ve \u0160v\u00e9dsku a Finsku tvo\u0159\u00ed oporu konceptu tot\u00e1ln\u00ed obrany a vyzna\u010duj\u00ed se centr\u00e1ln\u00ed strategickou koordinac\u00ed p\u0159i decentralizovan\u00e9 implementaci.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Tato prvn\u00ed charakteristika zahrnuje dva hlavn\u00ed konstruk\u010dn\u00ed principy:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>koordinaci na \u00farovni cel\u00e9 vl\u00e1dy (<em>whole of government<\/em>),<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>koordinaci na \u00farovni cel\u00e9 spole\u010dnosti (<em>whole of society<\/em>).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Princip <em>whole of government<\/em> znamen\u00e1, \u017ee ka\u017ed\u00e1 \u010d\u00e1st n\u00e1rodn\u00ed a region\u00e1ln\u00ed spr\u00e1vy i jednotliv\u00e9 agentury maj\u00ed jasn\u011b vymezenou a specifickou \u00falohu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Centralizovan\u00e1 strategick\u00e1 koordinace je na celost\u00e1tn\u00ed \u00farovni zaji\u0161\u0165ov\u00e1na politick\u00fdm veden\u00edm zem\u011b, zat\u00edmco odpov\u011bdnost za p\u0159ipravenost je rozlo\u017eena mezi ministerstva, specializovan\u00e9 agentury, region\u00e1ln\u00ed org\u00e1ny a soukrom\u00e9 akt\u00e9ry.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Tento konstruk\u010dn\u00ed princip zakotvuje p\u0159ipravenost nap\u0159\u00ed\u010d cel\u00fdm spr\u00e1vn\u00edm syst\u00e9mem nam\u00edsto toho, aby ji soust\u0159edil do rukou jedin\u00e9ho org\u00e1nu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ur\u010duj\u00edc\u00edm rysem je existence jasn\u00fdch a z\u00e1vazn\u00fdch pr\u00e1vn\u00edch r\u00e1mc\u016f, kter\u00e9 formalizuj\u00ed role a odpov\u011bdnosti souvisej\u00edc\u00ed s tot\u00e1ln\u00ed obranou.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ve \u0160v\u00e9dsku je spr\u00e1va tot\u00e1ln\u00ed obrany zakotvena v pr\u00e1vn\u00edch p\u0159edpisech, jako je <strong>z\u00e1kon o civiln\u00ed ochran\u011b<\/strong> (<em>Civil Protection Act, SFS, 2025:1077<\/em>) a <strong>z\u00e1kon o tot\u00e1ln\u00ed obran\u011b a stavu zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00e9 pohotovosti<\/strong> (<em>Act on Total Defence and Heightened Alert, 2019:880<\/em>), dopln\u011bn\u00fdch vl\u00e1dn\u00edmi na\u0159\u00edzen\u00edmi a parlamentn\u00edmi obrann\u00fdmi usnesen\u00edmi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Zvl\u00e1\u0161t\u011b v\u00fdznamn\u00e9 je obrann\u00e9 usnesen\u00ed na obdob\u00ed <strong>2025\u20132030<\/strong>, kter\u00e9 p\u0159edstavuje nejv\u00fdznamn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed pos\u00edlen\u00ed tot\u00e1ln\u00ed obrany od konce studen\u00e9 v\u00e1lky a institucion\u00e1ln\u011b zakotvuje povinnosti v oblasti p\u0159ipravenosti nap\u0159\u00ed\u010d ve\u0159ejn\u00fdmi org\u00e1ny, obcemi a kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00fdmi spole\u010densk\u00fdmi sektory (nap\u0159. zdravotnictv\u00edm, energetick\u00fdm z\u00e1sobov\u00e1n\u00edm nebo finan\u010dn\u00edmi slu\u017ebami) (Government Offices of Sweden, 2024; MSB, 2023).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Finsko uplat\u0148uje srovnateln\u00fd model prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm sv\u00e9ho pr\u00e1vn\u011b zakotven\u00e9ho <strong>modelu komplexn\u00ed bezpe\u010dnosti (Comprehensive Security Model)<\/strong>, kter\u00fd rozd\u011bluje odpov\u011bdnost za p\u0159ipravenost mezi st\u00e1tn\u00ed spr\u00e1vu, hospod\u00e1\u0159stv\u00ed a ob\u010danskou spole\u010dnost, a t\u00edm zaji\u0161\u0165uje soudr\u017enost syst\u00e9mu (Prime Minister\u2019s Office of Finland, 2023).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">T\u0159et\u00ed charakteristikou spr\u00e1vy a \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed tot\u00e1ln\u00ed obrany v obou zem\u00edch je <strong>ve\u0159ejn\u011b-soukrom\u00e1 spolupr\u00e1ce<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Soukrom\u00ed akt\u00e9\u0159i vlastn\u00ed a provozuj\u00ed zna\u010dnou \u010d\u00e1st kritick\u00e9 infrastruktury a z\u00e1kladn\u00edch slu\u017eeb, a proto jsou form\u00e1ln\u011b integrov\u00e1ni do pl\u00e1nov\u00e1n\u00ed p\u0159ipravenosti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ve \u0160v\u00e9dsku koordinuj\u00ed org\u00e1ny, jako je <strong>\u0160v\u00e9dsk\u00e1 agentura pro civiln\u00ed mimo\u0159\u00e1dn\u00e9 situace<\/strong>, \u010dinnost se soukrom\u00fdmi provozovateli nap\u0159\u00edklad ve financ\u00edch, energetice, telekomunikac\u00edch, doprav\u011b nebo z\u00e1sobov\u00e1n\u00ed potravinami na z\u00e1klad\u011b principu, \u017ee i soukrom\u00ed akt\u00e9\u0159i nesou odpov\u011bdnost za n\u00e1rodn\u00ed p\u0159ipravenost (MSB, 2023).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ve Finsku je tato logika institucionalizov\u00e1na prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm konceptu <strong>bezpe\u010dnosti z\u00e1sobov\u00e1n\u00ed (huoltovarmuus)<\/strong>, kter\u00fd vy\u017eaduje, aby kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00e9 podniky, zejm\u00e9na v oblasti telekomunikac\u00ed, energetiky, potravin, zdravotnictv\u00ed a informa\u010dn\u00edch technologi\u00ed, p\u0159isp\u00edvaly ke spole\u010densk\u00e9 odolnosti prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm pl\u00e1nov\u00e1n\u00ed kontinuity, materi\u00e1ln\u00edch rezerv a p\u0159ipravenosti na v\u00e1le\u010dn\u00e9 podm\u00ednky (Security Committee of Finland, 2022; Prime Minister\u2019s Office of Finland, 2023).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Opera\u010dn\u00ed rovina<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Tot\u00e1ln\u00ed obrana je operacionalizov\u00e1na prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm modelu p\u0159ipravenosti zalo\u017een\u00e9ho na kontinuit\u011b.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Jeho logika spo\u010d\u00edv\u00e1 v tom, \u017ee z\u00e1kladn\u00ed spole\u010densk\u00e9 funkce mus\u00ed z\u016fstat zachov\u00e1ny b\u011bhem kriz\u00ed i za v\u00e1lky.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Jak ji\u017e bylo uvedeno, p\u0159ipravenost je zakotvena v m\u00edrov\u00e9 spr\u00e1v\u011b. Civiln\u011b-vojensk\u00e1 koordinace, ochrana kritick\u00e9 infrastruktury, pl\u00e1nov\u00e1n\u00ed kontinuity, vytv\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed z\u00e1sob, kybernetick\u00e1 bezpe\u010dnost a krizov\u00e1 komunikace jsou poj\u00edm\u00e1ny jako trval\u00e9 opera\u010dn\u00ed povinnosti (Government Offices of Sweden, 2024; Security Committee of Finland, 2022).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Opera\u010dn\u00ed integraci posiluj\u00ed povinn\u00e1 rozs\u00e1hl\u00e1 cvi\u010den\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Pravideln\u00fd v\u00fdcvik p\u0159edstavuje hlavn\u00ed opera\u010dn\u00ed n\u00e1stroj pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00fd k ov\u011b\u0159ov\u00e1n\u00ed \u00farovn\u011b p\u0159ipravenosti, odhalov\u00e1n\u00ed mo\u017en\u00fdch syst\u00e9mov\u00fdch selh\u00e1n\u00ed, zat\u011b\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed rozhodovac\u00edch proces\u016f v situac\u00edch vysok\u00e9ho tlaku a nejistoty a k podpo\u0159e souladu nap\u0159\u00ed\u010d kritick\u00fdmi sektory, nap\u0159\u00edklad energetikou nebo telekomunikacemi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Finsko uplat\u0148uje stejnou logiku i ve vztahu ke cvi\u010den\u00edm v r\u00e1mci <strong>Bezpe\u010dnostn\u00ed strategie pro spole\u010dnost<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Poznatky z\u00edskan\u00e9 z cvi\u010den\u00ed i z re\u00e1ln\u00fdch incident\u016f jsou systematicky prom\u00edt\u00e1ny do aktualizovan\u00fdch pl\u00e1n\u016f a postup\u016f, \u010d\u00edm\u017e se posiluje iterativn\u00ed p\u0159\u00edstup k u\u010den\u00ed v oblasti opera\u010dn\u00ed p\u0159ipravenosti (Government Offices of Sweden, 2024; Christie a Berzina, 2022).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Spole\u010densk\u00e1 rovina<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ve \u0160v\u00e9dsku a Finsku jsou ob\u010dan\u00e9 pova\u017eov\u00e1ni za akt\u00e9ry p\u0159ipravenosti a o\u010dek\u00e1v\u00e1 se od nich ur\u010dit\u00e1 m\u00edra individu\u00e1ln\u00ed p\u0159ipravenosti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ta zahrnuje soubor praktick\u00fdch opat\u0159en\u00ed, informovanost a ur\u010dit\u00e9 zp\u016fsoby chov\u00e1n\u00ed v z\u00e1t\u011b\u017eov\u00fdch situac\u00edch.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">V obou zem\u00edch ve\u0159ejnost vn\u00edm\u00e1 individu\u00e1ln\u00ed p\u0159ipravenost jako legitimn\u00ed povinnost (Ristikangas, 2023), a to do zna\u010dn\u00e9 m\u00edry d\u00edky siln\u00e9 institucion\u00e1ln\u00ed d\u016fv\u011b\u0159e a ob\u010dansk\u00e9 odpov\u011bdnosti (Security Committee of Finland, 2022; Government Offices of Sweden, 2024).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">P\u0159\u00edm\u00e1 komunikace ze strany st\u00e1tu m\u00e1 z\u00e1sadn\u00ed v\u00fdznam pro udr\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed spole\u010densk\u00e9ho zapojen\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ve \u0160v\u00e9dsku poskytuj\u00ed celost\u00e1tn\u00ed informa\u010dn\u00ed materi\u00e1ly, jako je bro\u017eura <strong>V p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b krize nebo v\u00e1lky<\/strong>, koordinovan\u00e1 \u0160v\u00e9dskou agenturou pro civiln\u00ed mimo\u0159\u00e1dn\u00e9 situace, praktick\u00e9 pokyny pro dom\u00e1cnosti (MSB, 2018; 2023).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Finsko uplat\u0148uje srovnateln\u00fd p\u0159\u00edstup prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm komunikace zakotven\u00e9 ve sv\u00e9 <strong>Bezpe\u010dnostn\u00ed strategii pro spole\u010dnost<\/strong>, kter\u00e1 za\u010dle\u0148uje psychologickou odolnost a chov\u00e1n\u00ed ob\u010dan\u016f do pl\u00e1nov\u00e1n\u00ed p\u0159ipravenosti. N\u011bkter\u00e9 aspekty psychologick\u00e9 odolnosti a ob\u010dansk\u00e9ho jedn\u00e1n\u00ed tak byly p\u0159\u00edmo integrov\u00e1ny do pl\u00e1nov\u00e1n\u00ed p\u0159ipravenosti (Prime Minister\u2019s Office of Finland, 2023).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">V obou p\u0159\u00edpadech p\u0159itom spole\u010densk\u00e1 mobilizace z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1 pod civiln\u00ed kontrolou (Government Offices of Sweden, 2024; Lazarou a Politis Lamprou, 2025).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>P\u0159\u00edpadov\u00e1 studie: \u0158ecko<\/strong><\/h1>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Strategick\u00e1 rovina<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0158eck\u00e1 n\u00e1rodn\u00ed bezpe\u010dnostn\u00ed strategie stav\u00ed do sv\u00e9ho st\u0159edu vojenskou obranu a je utv\u00e1\u0159ena p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm dlouhodob\u00fdm nap\u011bt\u00edm s Tureckem (USADEFEA, 2025).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Dokumenty n\u00e1rodn\u00ed bezpe\u010dnostn\u00ed strategie zd\u016fraz\u0148uj\u00ed hlavn\u00ed c\u00edle t\u00e9to strategie: vojensk\u00e9 odstra\u0161en\u00ed, \u00fazemn\u00ed integritu a vojenskou p\u0159ipravenost.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0158eck\u00e1 n\u00e1rodn\u00ed strategie z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1 v posledn\u00edch desetilet\u00edch relativn\u011b nem\u011bnn\u00e1 a je zakotvena v siln\u00e9m politick\u00e9m konsensu o nezbytnosti vojensk\u00e9 p\u0159ipravenosti. Kontinuitu obrann\u00e9 politiky, bez ohledu na politickou orientaci vl\u00e1dn\u00edch stran, podporuje rovn\u011b\u017e ve\u0159ejnost, kter\u00e1 sd\u00edl\u00ed institucion\u00e1ln\u00ed vn\u00edm\u00e1n\u00ed hrozeb (Dokos a Kollias, 2013).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0158e\u010dt\u00ed voli\u010di pova\u017euj\u00ed vojenskou p\u0159ipravenost za jednu z nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00edch priorit a podporuj\u00ed snahy o posilov\u00e1n\u00ed vojensk\u00fdch kapacit zem\u011b (Hellenic Republic, 2020).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">P\u0159ipravenost je v \u0158ecku r\u00e1mov\u00e1na jako model reakce zalo\u017een\u00fd na mimo\u0159\u00e1dn\u00fdch situac\u00edch, kter\u00fd aktivuje specifick\u00e9 mechanismy odezvy pro konkr\u00e9tn\u00ed hrozby a krize.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Tot\u00e1ln\u00ed obrana v \u0158ecku nep\u0159edstavuje trvalou charakteristiku vl\u00e1dnut\u00ed. S v\u00fdjimkou vojensk\u00e9 politiky existuj\u00ed politika krizov\u00e9ho \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed, politika civiln\u00ed ochrany a politika odolnosti, ty jsou v\u0161ak pova\u017eov\u00e1ny za druhotn\u00e9 a pouze reaktivn\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Z\u00e1rove\u0148 je z\u0159ejm\u00e9, \u017ee v\u0161echny tyto politiky z\u016fst\u00e1vaj\u00ed odd\u011blen\u00e9 a nejsou integrov\u00e1ny do \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9ho modelu tot\u00e1ln\u00ed obrany podobn\u00e9ho t\u011bm, kter\u00e9 zn\u00e1me ze seversk\u00fdch zem\u00ed. Tato absence modelu tot\u00e1ln\u00ed obrany se odr\u00e1\u017e\u00ed i ve strategick\u00fdch dokumentech zem\u011b (Rongved, 2025).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Spr\u00e1vn\u00ed rovina<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">V \u0158ecku je p\u0159ipravenost \u0159\u00edzena prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm centr\u00e1ln\u00ed kontroly, av\u0161ak v praxi s nerovnom\u011brnou koordinac\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Strategick\u00e1 pravomoc je soust\u0159ed\u011bna na n\u00e1rodn\u00ed \u00farovni, zat\u00edmco odpov\u011bdnost za p\u0159ipravenost a reakci na krize je rozd\u011blena mezi ministerstva, agentury a region\u00e1ln\u00ed org\u00e1ny. Koordinace mezi t\u011bmito \u00farovn\u011bmi se zpravidla aktivuje a\u017e b\u011bhem mimo\u0159\u00e1dn\u00fdch ud\u00e1lost\u00ed a kriz\u00ed (General Secretariat for Civil Protection, 2021; OECD, 2022).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Role a odpov\u011bdnosti souvisej\u00edc\u00ed s p\u0159ipravenost\u00ed jsou pr\u00e1vn\u011b vymezeny pouze \u010d\u00e1ste\u010dn\u011b. Pr\u00e1vn\u00ed \u00faprava civiln\u00ed ochrany se zam\u011b\u0159uje p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm na reakci na mimo\u0159\u00e1dn\u00e9 ud\u00e1losti, zat\u00edmco povinnosti t\u00fdkaj\u00edc\u00ed se pl\u00e1nov\u00e1n\u00ed kontinuity a dlouhodob\u00e9 p\u0159ipravenosti jsou definov\u00e1ny m\u00e9n\u011b jasn\u011b.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">V d\u016fsledku toho je spolupr\u00e1ce mezi ve\u0159ejn\u00fdmi org\u00e1ny \u010dasto z\u00e1visl\u00e1 na neform\u00e1ln\u00ed koordinaci (Lazarou a Politis Lamprou, 2025).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Spolupr\u00e1ce se soukrom\u00fdm sektorem z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1 omezen\u00e1 a stoj\u00ed mimo pr\u00e1vn\u00ed r\u00e1mec.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Soukrom\u00e9 spole\u010dnosti vlastn\u00ed a provozuj\u00ed v\u011bt\u0161inu kritick\u00e9 infrastruktury a z\u00e1kladn\u00edch slu\u017eeb, jejich role a odpov\u011bdnosti pro p\u0159\u00edpad krize v\u0161ak z\u016fst\u00e1vaj\u00ed nedefinovan\u00e9. Tyto spole\u010dnosti se do \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed kriz\u00ed zapojuj\u00ed nekoordinovan\u011b, \u010dasto na z\u00e1klad\u011b improvizace (OECD, 2022; European Commission, 2023).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Opera\u010dn\u00ed rovina<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Opera\u010dn\u00ed p\u0159ipravenost je z velk\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1sti aktivov\u00e1na a\u017e konkr\u00e9tn\u00edmi ud\u00e1lostmi, nam\u00edsto aby byla udr\u017eov\u00e1na pr\u016fb\u011b\u017en\u011b.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ozbrojen\u00e9 s\u00edly si zachov\u00e1vaj\u00ed vysokou \u00farove\u0148 p\u0159ipravenosti pro \u00fa\u010dely odstra\u0161en\u00ed a p\u0159\u00edpadn\u00e9 eskalace, zat\u00edmco civiln\u00ed p\u0159ipravenost se soust\u0159ed\u00ed p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm na reakci na konkr\u00e9tn\u00ed mimo\u0159\u00e1dn\u00e9 ud\u00e1losti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Org\u00e1ny civiln\u00ed ochrany maj\u00ed zna\u010dn\u00e9 zku\u0161enosti se zvl\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00edm p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00edch katastrof, neexistuj\u00ed v\u0161ak d\u016fkazy o \u0161ir\u0161\u00edm syst\u00e9mu navr\u017een\u00e9m tak, aby b\u011bhem dlouhodob\u00fdch nebo po sob\u011b jdouc\u00edch kriz\u00ed udr\u017eoval v chodu z\u00e1kladn\u00ed slu\u017eby (General Secretariat for Civil Protection, 2021; Rongved, 2025).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Koordinace mezi jednotliv\u00fdmi sektory je v praxi omezen\u00e1.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Rozs\u00e1hl\u00e1 cvi\u010den\u00ed, kter\u00e1 by pravideln\u011b sdru\u017eovala r\u016fzn\u00e9 akt\u00e9ry tot\u00e1ln\u00ed obrany, jsou vz\u00e1cn\u00e1. V d\u016fsledku toho se spolupr\u00e1ce mezi oblastmi, jako jsou energetika, doprava, telekomunikace, zdravotnictv\u00ed a logistika, obvykle prov\u011b\u0159uje a\u017e b\u011bhem skute\u010dn\u00fdch kriz\u00ed, nikoli prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm rutinn\u00ed p\u0159\u00edpravy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">U\u010den\u00ed proto prob\u00edh\u00e1 pod tlakem, co\u017e zt\u011b\u017euje vytv\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed stabiln\u00edch pracovn\u00edch n\u00e1vyk\u016f v del\u0161\u00edm \u010dasov\u00e9m horizontu (OECD, 2022; Lazarou a Politis Lamprou, 2025).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Spole\u010densk\u00e1 rovina<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Spole\u010densk\u00e1 p\u0159ipravenost je ovlivn\u011bna silnou d\u016fv\u011brou v ozbrojen\u00e9 s\u00edly a n\u00edzk\u00fdmi o\u010dek\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00edmi, pokud jde o zapojen\u00ed civiln\u00edho obyvatelstva nad r\u00e1mec dodr\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed pokyn\u016f b\u011bhem mimo\u0159\u00e1dn\u00fdch ud\u00e1lost\u00ed (ELIAMEP, 2024).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ob\u010dan\u00e9 jsou vn\u00edm\u00e1ni p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm jako osoby, kter\u00e9 maj\u00ed b\u00fdt chr\u00e1n\u011bny, nikoli jako aktivn\u00ed spolutv\u016frci p\u0159ipravenosti. To odr\u00e1\u017e\u00ed bezpe\u010dnostn\u00ed kulturu, v n\u00ed\u017e je obrana ch\u00e1p\u00e1na p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm jako \u00fakol st\u00e1tu a arm\u00e1dy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ve\u0159ejn\u00e1 komunikace o p\u0159ipravenosti se soust\u0159ed\u00ed p\u0159ev\u00e1\u017en\u011b na p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00ed katastrofy a kr\u00e1tkodob\u00e9 mimo\u0159\u00e1dn\u00e9 situace.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Org\u00e1ny ve\u0159ejn\u00e9 moci poskytuj\u00ed prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm digit\u00e1ln\u00edch syst\u00e9m\u016f pokyny t\u00fdkaj\u00edc\u00ed se evakuace, osobn\u00ed bezpe\u010dnosti a bezprost\u0159edn\u00ed reakce. Neposkytuj\u00ed v\u0161ak \u0161ir\u0161\u00ed informace o dlouhodob\u00fdch kriz\u00edch, spole\u010densk\u00e9 odolnosti ani o p\u0159\u00edprav\u011b na takov\u00e9 ud\u00e1losti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Historick\u00e1 citlivost spojen\u00e1 s \u00falohou arm\u00e1dy a st\u00e1tn\u00ed moci, zejm\u00e9na vl\u00e1da vojensk\u00e9 junty v letech 1967\u20131974, ovliv\u0148uje, kam a\u017e m\u016f\u017ee spole\u010densk\u00e1 mobilizace sahat (ELIAMEP, 2024).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">K \u0161irok\u00e9mu zapojen\u00ed ve\u0159ejnosti do obrany se proto p\u0159istupuje obez\u0159etn\u011b a p\u0159ipravenost nen\u00ed zalo\u017eena na ob\u010dansk\u00e9 participaci.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">To omezuje hloubku i trvalost spole\u010densk\u00e9 odolnosti a z\u00e1rove\u0148 podtrhuje rozd\u00edl mezi vysokou vojenskou p\u0159ipravenost\u00ed a pom\u011brn\u011b n\u00edzkou spole\u010denskou p\u0159ipravenost\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Z\u00e1v\u011br<\/strong><\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Srovn\u00e1n\u00ed t\u0159\u00ed p\u0159\u00edpad\u016f Finska, \u0160v\u00e9dska a \u0158ecka ukazuje, \u017ee tot\u00e1ln\u00ed obrana je v\u00edce ne\u017e samotn\u00fdm vn\u00edm\u00e1n\u00edm hrozeb utv\u00e1\u0159ena p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm institucion\u00e1ln\u00ed soudr\u017enost\u00ed a strategickou a organiza\u010dn\u00ed jasnost\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">V seversk\u00fdch zem\u00edch p\u0159edstavuje tot\u00e1ln\u00ed obrana trval\u00fd organiza\u010dn\u00ed princip st\u00e1tu. V\u0161echny \u010dty\u0159i dimenze tot\u00e1ln\u00ed obrany se zde vz\u00e1jemn\u011b posiluj\u00ed a p\u0159esahuj\u00ed r\u00e1mec bezprost\u0159edn\u00edch kriz\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Jasn\u00e9 vymezen\u00ed rol\u00ed a odpov\u011bdnost\u00ed, koordinace a pravideln\u00e1 cvi\u010den\u00ed spolu se srozumitelnou komunikac\u00ed a ob\u010danskou anga\u017eovanost\u00ed zaji\u0161\u0165uj\u00ed, \u017ee st\u00e1t je schopen zvl\u00e1dat i dlouhodob\u00e9 krize.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">V \u0158ecku je tot\u00e1ln\u00ed obrana a p\u0159ipravenost koncipov\u00e1na odli\u0161n\u00fdm zp\u016fsobem. P\u0159es politick\u00fd konsensus a dlouhodob\u00e9 pl\u00e1nov\u00e1n\u00ed je ob\u010dansk\u00e1 anga\u017eovanost pova\u017eov\u00e1na za druho\u0159adou.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Syst\u00e9m je zalo\u017een p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm na reakci na krize a opera\u010dn\u00ed praxe je \u0159\u00edzena jednotliv\u00fdmi ud\u00e1lostmi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0158ecko tedy disponuje ur\u010dit\u00fdmi prvky tot\u00e1ln\u00ed obrany, av\u0161ak samo plnohodnotn\u00fd model tot\u00e1ln\u00ed obrany nep\u0159ijalo.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Doporu\u010den\u00ed<\/strong><\/h1>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Pevn\u011b ukotvit tot\u00e1ln\u00ed obranu v demokratick\u00fdch pravidlech.<\/strong> Opat\u0159en\u00ed p\u0159ipravenosti by m\u011bla v\u017edy z\u016fst\u00e1vat pod civiln\u00edm veden\u00edm, pod parlamentn\u00edm dohledem a v souladu s respektem k z\u00e1kladn\u00edm pr\u00e1v\u016fm. Jen tehdy, bude-li tot\u00e1ln\u00ed obrana prezentov\u00e1na jako zp\u016fsob ochrany demokracie, a nikoli jej\u00edho omezov\u00e1n\u00ed, se m\u016f\u017ee op\u00edrat o d\u016fv\u011bru ve\u0159ejnosti.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Ch\u00e1pat p\u0159ipravenost jako ka\u017edodenn\u00ed odpov\u011bdnost, nikoli pouze jako reakci na krizi.<\/strong> P\u0159ipravenost by m\u011bla b\u00fdt sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed b\u011b\u017en\u00e9ho fungov\u00e1n\u00ed vl\u00e1dy, nikoli n\u011b\u010d\u00edm, co se aktivuje teprve ve chv\u00edli krize. Takov\u00fd p\u0159\u00edstup \u010din\u00ed syst\u00e9my dlouhodob\u011b spolehliv\u011bj\u0161\u00edmi, je efektivn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed a sni\u017euje pot\u0159ebu improvizovan\u00fdch \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed pod tlakem.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Jasn\u011bji vymezit ve\u0159ejn\u011b-soukromou spolupr\u00e1ci p\u0159i ochran\u011b kritick\u00e9 infrastruktury.<\/strong> Jeliko\u017e z\u00e1kladn\u00ed slu\u017eby jsou z velk\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1sti provozov\u00e1ny soukrom\u00fdmi spole\u010dnostmi, je t\u0159eba jejich role a odpov\u011bdnosti stanovit p\u0159edem. Jasn\u011b formulovan\u00e1 o\u010dek\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed a pravideln\u00e1 spolupr\u00e1ce funguj\u00ed l\u00e9pe ne\u017e koordinace na posledn\u00ed chv\u00edli b\u011bhem mimo\u0159\u00e1dn\u00fdch situac\u00ed.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Zlep\u0161ovat evropskou koordinaci, ani\u017e by \u010dlensk\u00e9 st\u00e1ty p\u0159i\u0161ly o mo\u017enost kontroly.<\/strong> St\u00e1vaj\u00edc\u00ed evropsk\u00e9 r\u00e1mce mohou zem\u00edm pomoci \u00fa\u010dinn\u011bji spolupracovat a zabr\u00e1nit duplicit\u00e1m, zejm\u00e9na p\u0159i p\u0159eshrani\u010dn\u00edch kriz\u00edch. Z\u00e1rove\u0148 by v\u0161ak p\u0159ipravenost m\u011bla z\u016fstat zakotvena v n\u00e1rodn\u00edch syst\u00e9mech, kter\u00e9 odr\u00e1\u017eej\u00ed m\u00edstn\u00ed podm\u00ednky a kapacity.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Zapojovat ob\u010dany skrze d\u016fv\u011bru a srozumiteln\u00e9 informace, nikoli r\u00e9torikou mobilizace.<\/strong> Lid\u00e9 jsou ochotn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed se p\u0159ipravovat, kdy\u017e rozum\u011bj\u00ed tomu, co se od nich o\u010dek\u00e1v\u00e1 a pro\u010d je to d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9. Jasn\u00e9 pokyny a otev\u0159en\u00e1 komunikace posiluj\u00ed odolnost, ani\u017e by vyvol\u00e1valy strach nebo podkop\u00e1valy demokratick\u00e9 normy.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>P\u0159e\u010dt\u011bte si celou publikaci zde:<\/strong> <div class=\"_3d-flip-book  fb3d-fullscreen-mode full-size\" data-id=\"22262\" data-mode=\"fullscreen\" data-title=\"false\" data-template=\"short-white-book-view\" data-lightbox=\"dark-shadow\" data-urlparam=\"fb3d-page\" data-page-n=\"0\" data-pdf=\"\" data-tax=\"null\" data-thumbnail=\"\" data-cols=\"3\" data-book-template=\"default\" data-trigger=\"\"><\/div><script type=\"text\/javascript\">window.FB3D_CLIENT_DATA = window.FB3D_CLIENT_DATA || [];FB3D_CLIENT_DATA.push('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');window.FB3D_CLIENT_LOCALE && FB3D_CLIENT_LOCALE.render && FB3D_CLIENT_LOCALE.render();<\/script><\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Literatura<\/strong><\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Christie, E. H., a K. Berzina. <em>NATO and Societal Resilience: All Hands on Deck in an Age of War.<\/em> Policy Brief. Washington, DC: German Marshall Fund, \u010derven 2022.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Council of the European Union. <em>A Strategic Compass for a Stronger EU Security and Defence in the Next Decade.<\/em> 21. b\u0159ezna 2022.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Council of the European Union. <em>A Strategic Compass for Security and Defence \u2013 For a European Union that Protects Its Citizens, Values and Interests and Contributes to International Peace and Security.<\/em> Brusel: Council of the European Union, b\u0159ezen 2022.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Dokos, T., a C. Kollias. <em>Greek Defence Spending in Times of Crisis.<\/em> Ath\u00e9ny: Hellenic Foundation for European and Foreign Policy (ELIAMEP), 2013.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Engberg, K. <em>Towards a European Total Defence Union?<\/em> Stockholm: Swedish Institute for European Policy Studies (SIEPS), 2025.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">EuroNews. <em>With War on Its Doorstep, Could Europe Embrace Compulsory Military Service Once Again?<\/em> Euronews, 16. \u010dervence 2024.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">European Commission. <em>Directive (EU) 2022\/2557 on the Resilience of Critical Entities.<\/em> \u00da\u0159edn\u00ed v\u011bstn\u00edk Evropsk\u00e9 unie, 2022.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">European Commission. <em>EU Civil Protection Mechanism.<\/em> 2025.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">European Commission \u2013 Joint Research Centre. <em>Strengthening EU Resilience: Hybrid Threats and Critical Entities.<\/em> 2025.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">General Secretariat for Civil Protection (Greece). <em>National Risk Assessment and Civil Protection Framework.<\/em> Ath\u00e9ny: General Secretariat for Civil Protection, 2021.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Glebov, Sergii, Gunhild Hoogensen Gj\u00f8rv a Christopher Holshek. <em>The Eighth Baseline Requirement: Resilient Civilians in Hybrid Threats and Warfare.<\/em> 2025.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Government Offices of Sweden. <em>Defence Resolution 2025\u20132030.<\/em> Stockholm: Government Offices of Sweden, 2024.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Government Offices of Sweden. <em>Total Defence 2021\u20132025.<\/em> Stockholm: Government Offices of Sweden, 2024.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Hellenic Foundation for European &amp; Foreign Policy (ELIAMEP). <em>Getting over the Junta: Greek Civil-Military Relations for the 21st Century.<\/em> Policy Paper, 18. prosince 2024.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Hellenic Republic. <em>National Security Strategy of Greece.<\/em> Ath\u00e9ny: Hellenic Republic, 2020.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Lazarou, E., a P. Politis Lamprou. <em>EU Preparedness: From Concept to Strategy?<\/em> PE 772.898. Brusel: European Parliamentary Research Service (EPRS), 2025.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">OECD. <em>Public Governance Reviews: Greece.<\/em> Pa\u0159\u00ed\u017e: OECD Publishing, 2022.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Prime Minister\u2019s Office of Finland. <em>Security Strategy for Society.<\/em> Helsinky: Prime Minister\u2019s Office of Finland, 2023.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ristikangas, Vilma. <em>Kansalaisten omatoiminen varautuminen ja kriisinkest\u00e4vyys 2023.<\/em> SPEK tutkii 31. Helsinky: Suomen pelastusalan keskusj\u00e4rjest\u00f6 ry, 2023.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Rongved, G. F. <em>European Total Defence: Past, Present and Future.<\/em> Lond\u00fdn: Routledge, 2025.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Schuwer, H. J. J., J. Broeks, B. De Graaf, J. De Groot, T. T. Haaf, N. Van Lanschot a H. Van der Jagt. <em>Hybrid Threats and Societal Resilience.<\/em> Leiden: Leiden University, 2024.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Security Committee of Finland. <em>The Comprehensive Security Model.<\/em> Helsinky: Security Committee of Finland, 2022.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Swedish Civil Contingencies Agency (MSB). <em>Civil Defence \u2013 Concepts and Responsibilities.<\/em> Stockholm: MSB, 2023.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Swedish Civil Contingencies Agency (MSB). <em>If Crisis or War Comes.<\/em> Stockholm: MSB, 2018.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">USADEFEA. <em>Greece&#8217;s Defense Spending: A 12-Year Strategy for Transformation.<\/em> 2. dubna 2025.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Shrnut\u00ed Tento \u010dl\u00e1nek zkoum\u00e1, jak m\u016f\u017ee koncept tot\u00e1ln\u00ed obrany pos\u00edlit civiln\u011b-vojenskou p\u0159ipravenost v Evrop\u011b. Vych\u00e1z\u00ed z teze, \u017ee zhor\u0161uj\u00edc\u00ed se bezpe\u010dnostn\u00ed prost\u0159ed\u00ed formovan\u00e9 ruskou v\u00e1lkou proti Ukrajin\u011b, hybridn\u00edmi hrozbami, kybernetick\u00fdmi \u00fatoky, dezinformacemi a p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00edmi katastrofami odhalilo slabiny tradi\u010dn\u00edch syst\u00e9m\u016f krizov\u00e9ho \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed. Tot\u00e1ln\u00ed obrana se proto znovu prosazuje jako r\u00e1mec, kter\u00fd integruje vojensk\u00e9 kapacity, civiln\u00ed instituce, [&hellip;]<\/p>","protected":false},"author":8,"featured_media":22371,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[5,4],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-22368","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-aktuality","category-publikace"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/thinktopaz.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/22368","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/thinktopaz.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/thinktopaz.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/thinktopaz.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/8"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/thinktopaz.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=22368"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/thinktopaz.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/22368\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":22369,"href":"https:\/\/thinktopaz.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/22368\/revisions\/22369"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/thinktopaz.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/22371"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/thinktopaz.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=22368"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/thinktopaz.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=22368"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/thinktopaz.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=22368"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}